12th-century establishments in Africa

Kurdish dynasty from 1171 to 1341

thumb|Topographic map of Ouadane and the Richat Structure thumb|right|250px|Trade routes of the Western Sahara desert c. 1000–1500. Goldfields are indicated by brown shading.

number of historical kingdoms in modern-day Burkina Faso

The Kingdom of Gobir (Demonym: Gobirawa) was a Hausa kingdom in what is now northern Nigeria. Founded by the Hausa in the 12th century, Gobir was one of the seven original kingdoms of Hausaland, and continued under Hausa rule for nearly 700 years. Its capital was the city of Alkalawa. In the early 19th century elements of the ruling dynasty fled north to what is today Niger from which a rival dynasty developed ruling as Sarkin Gobir ("King of Gobir") at Tibiri. In 1975 a reunited traditional sultanate took up residence in Sabon Birni, Nigeria.

former kingdom in present-day Benin

mosque in Constantine City, Constantine Province, Algeria

Muslim family based in the Horn of Africa

medieval monarchy that existed in Darfur (Sudan)