9th-century disestablishments in Europe

alliance of various Eurasian nomads – 6th to 9th centuries

800–843 final stage in the history of the early medieval realm of the Franks, ruled by the Carolingian dynasty

Gaelic overkingdom that included parts of western Scotland and northeastern Ulster in Ireland

former country

Reccopolis (; ), is an archaeological site located near Zorita de los Canes, a small village in the province of Guadalajara, Spain. It represents one of the Visigoth cities founded in Iberia during the post-Roman period.

larger region of which Lower Saxony is a part

Byzantine Empire from 802 to 813

diocese of the Roman Catholic church until the 9th century