Acid–base chemistry

thumb|Zinc, a typical metal, reacting with [[hydrochloric acid, a typical acid]]

upright=1|thumb|right|Test tubes containing solutions of pH 1–10 colored with Universal indicator|an indicator

chemical reaction

In chemistry, an amphoteric compound () is a molecule or ion that can react both as an acid and as a base. What exactly this can mean depends on which definitions of acids and bases are being used.

chemical reaction

aqueous solution consisting of a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, which resists (to a limited degree) pH change when a strong acid or base is added

covalent bond in a coordination complex in which the shared electrons are donated by one of the atoms and also known as dative bond

chemical theory defining acids and bases by transfer of protons (hydrons)

instrument that indicates acidity or alkalinity in water-based solutions, expressed as pH

chemical bond theory involving the transfer of an electronic pair from the donor (the base) to the acceptor (the acid)

chemical species formed by the reception of a proton

equation used to estimate the pH of a weak acid or base solution

autoprotolysis or exchange of a proton between two water molecules

thumb|300x300px|Deprotonation of acetic acid by a hydroxide ion Deprotonation (or dehydronation) is the removal (transfer) of a proton (or hydron, or hydrogen cation), (H+) from a Brønsted–Lowry acid in an acid–base reaction. The species formed is the conjugate base of that acid. The complementary process, when a proton is added (transferred) to a Brønsted–Lowry base, is protonation (or hydronation). The species formed is the conjugate acid of that base.

type of molecular autoionization in which a hydron is transferred

An oxyanion, or oxoanion, is an ion with the generic formula (where 'A' represents a chemical element and 'O' represents an oxygen atom). Oxyanions are formed by a large majority of the chemical elements. The corresponding oxyacid of an oxyanion is the compound . The structures of condensed oxyanions can be rationalized in terms of AO polyhedral units with sharing of corners or edges between polyhedra. The oxyanions (specifically, phosphate and polyphosphate esters) adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) are important in biology.

thumb|right|200px|Sea surface alkalinity (from the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project|GLODAP [[climatology).]]

chemical theory about acids and bases

measure of acidity used for extremely acidic solutions

An ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) is a field-effect transistor used for measuring ion concentrations in solution; when the ion concentration (such as H+, see pH scale) changes, the current through the transistor will change accordingly. Here, the solution is used as the gate electrode. A voltage between substrate and oxide surfaces arises due to an ion sheath. It is a special type of MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), and shares the same basic structure, but with the metal gate replaced by an ion-sensitive membrane, electrolyte solution and reference ele

protons hopping across a series of hydrogen bonds between hydronium ions and water molecules

thumb|Carbon dioxide molecule. '''pCO2, pCO2', or P_\ce{CO2} is the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2), often used in reference to blood but also used in meteorology, climate science, oceanography, and limnology to describe the fractional pressure of CO2 as a function of its concentration in gas or dissolved phases. The units of p''CO2 are mmHg, atm, torr, Pa, or any other standard unit of atmospheric pressure.

Bisulfide (or bisulphide in British English) is an inorganic anion with the chemical formula HS− (also written as SH−). It contributes no color to bisulfide salts, and its salts may have a distinctive putrid smell. It is a strong base. Bisulfide solutions are corrosive and attack the skin.

acid that does not dissolve in the reaction medium

Oxophilicity is the tendency of certain chemical compounds to form oxides by hydrolysis or abstraction of an oxygen atom from another molecule, often from organic compounds. The term is often used to describe metal centers, commonly the early transition metals such as titanium, niobium, and tungsten. Oxophilicity is often stated to be related to the hardness of the element, within the HSAB theory (hard and soft (Lewis) acids and bases), but it has been shown that oxophilicity depends more on the electronegativity and effective nuclear charge of the element than on its hardness. This explains w

Graph of concentrations of different species of a polyprotic acid, as a function of pH, when the solution is at equilibrium

field-effect transistor used as a sensor for measuring chemical concentrations in solution.

buffering agents for biochemical and biological research

non-participating counterion of ions that participate in a chemical reaction

effect of solvents on properties of acids and bases

change in enthalpy during an acid-base reaction

Danish physician and chemist (1915-2000)

Chemical catalyst