American critics of Christianity

American author and humorist (1835–1910)

Malcolm X was an African American revolutionary and Black nationalist leader who rose from a background of poverty, family disruption, and criminal activity to a prominent figure during the civil rights movement until his assassination in 1965. He discovered the religious organization the Nation of Islam while in prison and served as its spokesperson from 1952 until 1964. He was also a vocal advocate for Black empowerment and the promotion of Islam within the African American community. A controversial figure accused of preaching violence, Malcolm X is also a celebrated figure with Black people and Muslims worldwide for his pursuit of racial justice.

Russian-born American writer and public philosopher (1905–1982)

American author (1922–2007)

American musician (1940–1993)

American musician (born 1969)

American writer, suffragist and Women's Rights activist (1815–1902)

Austrian-American economist (1881–1973)

American author, philosopher and neuroscientist (born 1967)

Founder of the Church of Satan, author of the Satanic Bible (1930-1997)

Palestinian-American Muslim philosopher and scholar (1921–1986)

American cult leader (1931–1978)

American lawyer and leading member of the American Civil Liberties Union (1857-1938)

American comedian (1961–1994)

American singer

American science writer

controversial leader of Nation of Islam

American abolitionist, writer

American death metal band

American atheist activist (1919–1995)

American politician (1832-1918)

American rocket engineer (1914–1952)

American actress (1911-1995)

American bassist and vocalist

American engineer, author and politician (1918-1993)

American atheist activist

American philosopher (1932-2015)

American historian, writer, and journalist (1875–1950)

Seneca chief (1750-1830)

American political activist (born 1941)

American Atheist activist

American Islamicist

American Satanist activist (1975-)

American rabbi and physicist (1934–1983)

American mass murderer; charged with 2011 Tucson shooting

American publisher (1936-2013)

American publisher and activist (1889–1951)

American writer

film director, atheist activist

Nebraska State Senator

American far-right activist (1908–1994)

American zoologist and philosopher (1862–1916)

American activist (1889–1968)

Professor of Religious Studies/Iowa State University/author of several books about religion (1958–2021)

American politician

British naturalist and chemist (1745-1821) (1745 in New-Style dating)

American writer and knitting specialist

American physiologist (1895–1962)

American philosopher

American geologist and mineralogist (1825-1901)

American cartoonist known for underground comix (1941–2006)

American atheist author

American birth control advocate (1867–1936)

American journalist

American anti-religious activist

Jamaican-American historian (1880–1966)

American Egyptologist