Heresy in Christianity in the Middle Ages

Monothelitism, or monotheletism, is a theological doctrine in Christianity that was proposed in the 7th century, but was ultimately rejected by the sixth ecumenical council. It held Christ as having only one will and was thus contrary to dyothelitism, the Christological doctrine accepted by most Christian denominations, which holds Christ as having two wills (divine and human). Historically, monothelitism was closely related to monoenergism, a theological doctrine that holds Jesus Christ as having only one energy. Both doctrines were at the center of Christological disputes during the 7th cent

thumb|Averroes depicted in a painting by Italian artist [[Andrea di Bonaiuto. Florence, 14th century.]] Averroism, also known as Rushdism, was a school of medieval philosophy based on the application of the works of 12th-century Andalusian philosopher Averroes, (Ibn Rushd in Arabic; 1126–1198) a commentator on Aristotle, in 13th-century Latin Christian scholasticism and Islamic Golden Age.

Christian church in medieval Bosnia

Conciliarism was a movement in the 14th-, 15th- and 16th-century Catholic Church which held that supreme authority in the Church resided with an ecumenical council, apart from, despite, or even if opposed by, the pope.

thumb|The murder of Arialdo da Carimate, part of the conflict of the pataria The pataria was an eleventh-century Catholic movement focused on the city of Milan in northern Italy, which aimed to reform the clergy and ecclesiastic government within the city and its ecclesiastical province, in support of papal sanctions against simony and clerical marriage. Those involved in the movement were called patarini (singular patarino), patarines or patarenes, a word perhaps chosen by their opponents, the etymology of which is uncertain. The movement, associated with urban unrest in the city of Milan, is

religious movement in northern Europe in the 13th and 14th centuries

12th century heresiarch

Hiberno-Norman noblewoman accused of witchcraft

The Tondrakians () were members of an anti-feudal Christian sect that flourished in medieval Armenia between the early 9th and the 11th century, centered on the district of Tondrak north of Lake Van.

Monoenergism () was a notion in early medieval Christian theology, representing the belief that Christ had only one "energy" (energeia). The teaching of one energy was propagated during the first half of the seventh century by Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople. Opposition to dyoenergism, its counterpart, would persist until Dyoenergism was espoused as Orthodoxy at the Sixth Ecumenical Council and monoenergism was rejected as heresy.

thumb|Norbert of Xanten fighting the heretical preacher Tanchelm; fresco by [[Johannes Zick in the church of Schussenried Abbey]] Tanchelm (approx. 1070 - Antwerp, 1115), also known as Tanchelm of Antwerp, Tanchelijn, Tanquelin or Tanchelin, was an itinerant preacher critical of the established Roman Catholic church, active in the Low Countries around the beginning of the 12th century. ==History == thumb|A painting of the defeat of Tanchelm by Norbert. Tanchelm was supposed to have been a monk, perhaps from the circle of Count Robert II of Flanders (1092–1111). From 1112 he preached in Antwerp

papal bull

The Dulcinians were a religious sect of the Late Middle Ages, originating within the Apostolic Brethren. The Dulcinians, or Dulcinites, and Apostolic Brethren were inspired by Franciscan ideals and influenced by the Joachimites but were considered heretical by the Catholic Church. Their name derives from the movement's leader, Fra Dolcino of Novara (c. 1250–1307), who was burned as a heretic on the orders of Pope Clement V.

The Athinganoi (, singular Athinganos, , Atsinganoi) were a Manichaean sect and practiced some of the Jewish customs (which can be regarded as a form of Judaizing) who lived in Phrygia and Lycaonia but were neither Hebrews nor gentiles. They kept the Sabbath but were not circumcised. They were shomer negiah.

French mystic

Council that included eight bishops to settle issues of the liturgy, including the performance of the Mass and other liturgical elements

thumb|right|Remains of Arnold of Brescia burned at the stake at the hands of the Papal guards Arnoldists were a Proto-Protestant group in the 12th century, named after Arnold of Brescia, an advocate of ecclesiastical reform who criticized the great wealth and possessions of the Roman Catholic Church, while preaching against infant baptism and transubstantiation. His disciples were also called "Publicans" or "Poplecans", a name probably deriving from Paulicians (the term "Publicani" would be generally used for any heretic, even a political traitor, throughout Europe).

275px|thumbnail|right|The burning of the Amalricians in 1210, in the presence of King Philip II of France. In the background is the [[Gibbet of Montfaucon and, anachronistically, the Grosse Tour of the Temple. Illumination from the Grandes Chroniques de France, c. 1255–1260.]]

11th-century religious movement in France, led by clerics Stephen and Lisios, reportedly practising asceticism, celibacy, and vegetarianism, whose members were burnt at the stake for heresy

The Pasagians, also spelled Passagians or Pasagini, were a religious sect which appeared in Lombardy in the late 12th or early 13th century and possibly appeared earlier in the East. The Summa contra haereticos, ascribed to Praepositinus of Cremona, describes the Pasagians as retaining the Old Testament rules on circumcision, kosher foods, and the Jewish holy days; in other words, they observed the Law of Moses except in respect to sacrifices, and thus also were given the name Circumcisi.