History of cryptography

Abū Yūsuf Yaʻqūb ibn ʼIsḥāq aṣ-Ṣabbāḥ al-Kindī (; ; ; ) was an Arab polymath who was active as a philosopher, mathematician, physician, and music theorist. Al-Kindi was the first of the Islamic peripatetic philosophers, and is hailed as the "father of Arab philosophy".

illustrated codex hand-written in an unknown writing system

1942 World War II naval battle

computer program for data encryption, primarily in email (PGP)

1917 World War I telegram from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance

1964 naval confrontation between North Vietnam and the United States

method of encoding by which units of plaintext are replaced with ciphertext, according to a fixed system; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth

Kryptos is a sculpture by the American artist Jim Sanborn located on the grounds of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) headquarters, the George Bush Center for Intelligence in Langley, Virginia.

1944 Banner-class environmental research ship

aspect of history

people in the 20th century who used obscure languages as a means of secret communication during wartime; e.g. United States service members during the world wars who used their knowledge of Native American languages to transmit coded messages

1967 Israeli attack on American navy ship

WWII US counterintelligence project

1586 plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth

DVD video copy-protection system

thumb|Example cryptogram. When decoded it reads: "Style and structure are the essence of a book; great ideas are hogwash." -Vladimir Nabokov A cryptogram is a type of puzzle that consists of a short piece of encrypted text. Generally the cipher used to encrypt the text is simple enough that the cryptogram can be solved by hand. Substitution ciphers where each letter is replaced by a different letter, number, or symbol are frequently used. To solve the puzzle, one must recover the original lettering. Though once used in more serious applications, they are now mainly printed for entertainment in

1941 Type IXC submarine

chipset that was developed and promoted by the NSA

1911 Magdeburg-class cruiser

Notarikon () is a Talmudic method of interpreting Biblical words as acronyms. The same term may also be used for a Kabbalistic method of using the acronym of a Biblical verse as a name for God. Another variation uses the first and last letters, or the two middle letters of a word, to form another word. The word "notarikon" is borrowed from the Greek language (νοταρικόν), and was derived from the Latin word "notarius" meaning "shorthand writer."

international police sting operation between 2018 and 2021

Lavabit is an open-source encrypted webmail service, founded in 2004. The service suspended its operations on August 8, 2013, after the U.S. Federal Government ordered it to turn over its Transport Layer Security (TLS) private keys, in order to allow the government to spy on Edward Snowden's email.

cryptanalysis department

interwar Polish-intelligence cryptology agency

a set of three ciphertexts

historical encrypted manuscript

authorized telecommunications intercept point

Enciphered letter written by English composer Edward Elgar

French diplomat

decryption of the code of the Enigma-machine

history of U.S. and allied governments' attempts to limit the public's and foreign nations' access to cryptography

Allied cryptanalysis project during World War II

Central Intelligence Agency domestic espionage project

1944 air attack on Panzergruppe West's HQ during battle of Normandy

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ciphers used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II

the process used in choosing an algorithm for standardization

TICOM (Target Intelligence Committee) was a secret Allied project formed in World War II to find and seize German intelligence assets, particularly in the field of cryptology and signals intelligence.

method in cryptology

military code use and breaking during the Second World War

attempts by MPAA and AACS-LA to prevent the distribution of a cryptographic key

_NSAKEY was a variable name discovered in Windows NT 4 SP5 in 1999 by Andrew D. Fernandes of Cryptonym Corporation. The variable contained a 1024-bit public key; public keys are used in public-key cryptography for encryption and digital signature verification (but not decryption or signing). Because of the name, however, it was speculated that the key would allow the United States National Security Agency (NSA) to subvert any Windows user's security. Microsoft denied the speculation and said that the key's name came from the fact that NSA was the technical review authority for U.S. cryptograph

Sequence of letters – O U O S V A V V, between the letters D M – carved on the 18th-century Shepherd's Monument in the grounds of Shugborough Hall in Staffordshire, England

group of women who served as cryptographers (code makers) and cryptanalysts (code breakers) for the United States Military during World War II

cryptanalyst, mathematician and professor (1915-1988)

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