History of the papacy

territories mostly in the Appenine Peninsula under the sovereign direct rule of the pope between 756–1870

thumb|The 1492 papal conclave was the first to be held in the [[Sistine Chapel.]] A conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to appoint the pope of the Catholic Church. Catholics consider the pope to be the apostolic successor of Saint Peter and the earthly head of the Catholic Church.

An antipope () is a person who claims to be Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church in opposition to the officially elected pope. Between the 3rd and mid-15th centuries, antipopes were supported by factions within the Church itself and secular rulers. While modern claimants to the papacy still take place, they are rarely given serious consideration by either the public or the Church.

split within the Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417, in which bishops in Rome and Avignon both claimed to be the pope, joined by a third line of Pisan popes in 1409

Turkish contract killer (born 1958)

thumb|Napoleon's first abdication, signed at the [[Palace of Fontainebleau on 4 April 1814]]

agreement between Pope Calixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V on September 23, 1122 near the city of Worms

A concordat () is a convention between the Holy See and a sovereign state that defines the relationship between the Catholic Church and the state in matters that concern both, i.e. the recognition and privileges of the Catholic Church in a particular country and with secular matters that affect church interests.

forged Roman imperial decree by which the emperor Constantine supposedly donated Rome and surrounding territory to the Pope

crown worn by popes of the Roman Catholic Church

book of biographies of popes

2025 death and funeral of the 266th pope

republic at Italy between 1798–1799

posthumous ecclesiastical trial of Pope Formosus

series of 112 short, cryptic phrases in Latin which purport to predict the Roman Catholic popes

ceremonial throne on which popes were carried

series of papal reforms in the 11th century

period of corrupt papal appointments in the 10th century

political dispute between the Italian Government and the Papacy

1864 document issued by the Holy See, under Pope Pius IX

document providing a legal basis for the erection of the Papal States, which extended the temporal rule of the Popes beyond the duchy of Rome

May 1981 shooting by Mehmet Ali Ağca in St. Peter's Square

ecclesiastical doctrine concerning the respect and authority that is due to the pope

aspect of history relating to the historical rulership of popes

decretal regarding papal election

scandal involving leaked Vatican documents

Roman aristocratic families who sided with the Papacy under Pope Pius IX

phrase describing status of the Pope during the dispute with the Kingdom of Italy (1870-1929)

death and funeral proceedings of Pope Benedict XVI

event in which Pope Benedict XVI resigned on 28 Feb. 2013 at 20:00 CET, after an announcement on 11 Feb.

Annates ( or ; , from '''', "year") were a payment from the recipient of an ecclesiastical benefice to the collating authorities. Eventually, they consisted of half or the whole of the first year's profits of a benefice; after the appropriation of the right of collation by the Roman see, they were paid to the papal treasury, ostensibly as a proffered contribution to the church. They were also known as the "first fruits" (), a religious offering which dates back to earlier Greek, Roman, and Hebrew religions.

veto by monarchs in papal elections

Byzantine domination of the Roman papacy, 537 to 752

Medieval European doctrine that the church and the civil government yield two independent authorities over the world.

law passed by the senate and chamber of the Italian parliament, 13 May, 1871, concerning the prerogatives of the Holy See

administrative subdivision of the Papal States (1210-1798)

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The Crescentii (in modern Italian Crescenzi) were a baronial family, attested in Rome from the beginning of the 10th century and which in fact ruled the city and the election of the popes until the beginning of the 11th century.

policy of abstention from the polls in parliamentary elections

Papal funeral

dogmatic constitution of the First Vatican Council about the papal ministry

book

year when two new popes are elected

962 agreement regarding control of the Papal States

political and secular governmental activity of the popes of the Roman Catholic Church

supper, allegedly held in the Papal Palace by Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI, in 1501, as described in a diary by Master of Ceremonies J. Burchard; reportedly with chestnuts strewn around, with 50 naked courtesans picking them up

papal bull addressed to the King of France

period in Vatican history

phrase used in a forged medieval document referring to Saint Peter

red outdoor shoes worn by the Pope

Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the French Empire in 1864

period of papal history

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selection of popes before 1059

The Chinèa was the name attached to a tribute paid by the Kings of Naples as vassals to the Popes. The tribute was apparently first recognized by the Norman King of Sicily in 1059. The Chinea reached its greatest magnitude from about 1550 to 1776, with grand temporary structures being erected during the celebration all over Rome in honor of the Pope. The Chinea ceremony itself was instituted under Charles I of Naples and Pope Clement IV, and lasted in ceremonial form till 1776, and as a monetary obligation until 1855.

collection of imperial and papal letters of the 3rd and 4th century

period of papal history from 1012 to 1048

instances in which the pope leaves Rome

Spanish priest

synod held in the Basilica of St. John Lateran in 769; rectified abuses in the papal electoral process which had led to the elevation of the Antipopes Constantine II and Philip; condemned the Council of Hieria (754)