History of the Sahara

Timbuktu ( ; ; Koyra Chiini: ; ) is an ancient city in Mali, situated north of the Niger River. It is the capital of the Tombouctou Region, one of the eight administrative regions of Mali, having a population of 32,460 in the 2018 census.

Amazigh (Berber) people of the Sahara desert with a nomadic pastoralist lifestyle

French Catholic religious man, explorer and scholar (1858–1916)

trade between sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa

Touggourt (; or 'the gate') is a city and commune, former sultanate and capital of Touggourt District, in Touggourt Province, Algeria, built next to an oasis in the Sahara. As of the 2008 census, the commune had a population of 39,409 people, up from 32,940 in 1998, and an annual growth rate of 1.8%. Touggourt's urban area includes the communes of Nezla, Tebesbest and Zaouia El Abidia, for a total population of 146,108.

Sijilmasa (; also transliterated Sijilmassa, Sidjilmasa, Sidjilmassa and Sigilmassa) was a medieval Moroccan city and trade entrepôt at the northern edge of the Sahara in Morocco. The ruins of the town extend for five miles along the River Ziz in the Tafilalt oasis near the town of Rissani. Its founding is associated with the creation of the Tafilalt oasis, and much of its economic success during the medieval period has been attributed to the agricultural capabilities granted by the oasis' massive canal. The town's history was marked by several successive invasions by Berber dynasties. Up unti

thumb|upright=1.4|Map of the Roman Empire under Hadrian (ruled 117 – 138 AD), showing the location of the Garamantes kingdom, in the desert regions south of the Roman province of [[Africa proconsularis (Tunisia, Libya).]]

arab queen

Scottish explorer

Germa, Jerma, Jarma, Djourma, Djerma, Djarma (), known in ancient times as Garama, is an archaeological site in Libya. It was the capital of the Garamantian Kingdom.

{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "page", "title": "ROCEEH/Aterian.map" } The Aterian is a Middle Stone Age (or Middle Palaeolithic) stone tool industry centered in North Africa, from Mauritania to Egypt, but also possibly found in Oman and the Thar Desert. The earliest Aterian dates to c. 150,000 years ago, at the site of Ifri n'Ammar in Morocco. However, most of the early dates cluster around the beginning of the Last Interglacial, around 150,000 to 130,000 years ago, when the environment of North Africa began to ameliorate. The Aterian disappeared around 20,000 years ago.

historical country and sultanate in Niger

French explorer of the Sahara (1840–1892)

hypothesis about migration of species between Africa and Eurasia

Taghaza () or Teghaza is an abandoned salt-mining centre located in a salt pan in the desert region of northern Mali. It was an important source of rock salt for West Africa up to the end of the 16th century when it was abandoned and replaced by the salt-pan at Taoudenni which lies to the southeast. Salt from the Taghaza mines formed an important part of the long distance trans-Saharan trade. The salt pan is located south of Sijilmasa (in Morocco), north-northwest of Timbuktu (in Mali) and north-northeast of Oualata (in Mauritania).

explorer

Tuareg rebellion against French colonial rule

eleventh-century geography text by Abu Ubayd al-Bakri

thumb|Mechta skull excavated at Constantine, Algeria|Constantine, [[Algeria]]

slave trade

era of North African regional history

Archaeological site in Libya

earliest period of Central Saharan rock art

Tamdult (also Tamedoult, Tamdlt; ; ) was a medieval city located near the Draa river south-east of Akka, Morocco. It was an important and flourishing stop in the Trans-Saharan trade route, linking Nul (Asrir), Ouadane, and Awdaghust to Sijilmasa, Massa and N'fis. The city was founded in the second century BC by the Berbers Shilha. In the ninth century one the sons of Idriss II, founder of the Idrisid dynasty, who had been given a principality in the Sous to reign over the Lamta tribe.

cyclic climate pattern

Mertoutek is a village in the commune of Idlès, in Tazrouk District, Tamanrasset Province, Algeria. It lies in the northern Hoggar Mountains on the eastern side of a wadi, northwest of the town of Idlès and north of Tamanrasset.

Regent of Touggourt

trans-Saharan trade route between Darfur, Sudan and Asyut, Upper Egypt

earliest West African civilization