Iran–Israel proxy conflict

The Gaza war is an armed conflict in the Gaza Strip and Israel, fought as part of the unresolved Israeli–Palestinian and Gaza–Israel conflicts. The war began on 7 October 2023, when the Palestinian militant group Hamas led a surprise attack on Israel, in which 1,195 Israelis and foreign nationals were killed and 251 were taken hostage. Since the start of the Israeli offensive that followed, over 72,000 Palestinians in Gaza have been killed. Several studies in The Lancet indicate this figure is likely a significant undercount. A wide consensus of scholarship has concluded that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza. The Israeli government and its supporters, including the United States, reject that conclusion.

The Syrian Civil War was an armed conflict that began with the Syrian revolution in March 2011, when popular discontent with the Ba'athist regime ruled by Bashar al-Assad triggered large-scale protests and pro-democracy rallies across Syria, as part of the wider Arab Spring. The Assad regime responded to the protests with lethal force, which led to a series of defections, the emergence of armed opposition groups, and the civilian uprising descending into a civil war. The war lasted almost 14 years and culminated in the fall of the Assad regime in December 2024. Many sources regard this as the end of the civil war even though clashes have continued into 2026.

armed conflict primarily between Israel and Hezbollah

1975–1990 Civil War in Lebanon

war fought between the Israel Defense Forces and the Hamas-governed Gaza Strip during 2014

December 2008–January 2009 armed conflict in the Gaza Strip

nuclear research sites and processing facilities of Iran

Stuxnet is a malicious computer worm first uncovered on 17 June 2010 and thought to have been in development since at least 2005. Stuxnet targets supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems and is believed to be responsible for causing substantial damage to the Iran nuclear program after it was first installed on a computer at the Natanz Nuclear Facility in 2009. Although neither the United States nor Israel has openly admitted responsibility, multiple independent news organizations claim Stuxnet to be a cyberweapon built jointly by the two countries in a collaborative effort know

Iranian general and physicist (1961–2020)

On 28 February 2026, Ali Khamenei, the supreme leader of Iran, was assassinated in Tehran as part of a series of Israeli airstrikes aimed at high-ranking Iranian officials. Khamenei's death was confirmed by the Iranian government on 1 March. His death occurred as part of a wider joint operation by the United States and Israel, using strategic locations intelligence from the US's Central Intelligence Agency to determine the whereabouts of several leaders. Satellite imagery suggested that Khamenei's residence in the city was severely damaged during the attack.

2020 normalization of Israeli relations with some Arab countries

2024 Assassination of Hamas leader

unofficial military coalition between Iran and aligned movements

2023 Houthi attacks on Red Sea

Iranian retaliatory strikes against Israel on 1 October 2024

armed conflict between armed forces of Israel and armed forces of Gaza

indirect conflict between Iran and Saudi Arabia

Iranian state-owned English-language channel

2007 military operation

Iran and Israel have been engaged in a proxy conflict since 1985. In the Israeli–Lebanese conflict, Iran has supported Lebanese Shia militias, most notably Hezbollah. In the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Iran has backed Palestinian groups such as Hamas. Israel has supported Iranian rebels, conducted airstrikes against Iranian allies in Syria, assassinated Iranian nuclear scientists, and directly attacked Iranian forces in Syria. In 2024 the proxy war escalated to a series of direct confrontations between the two countries, and in June 2025, they fought a 12-day war, involving the United States.

attack on the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (AMIA)

guerra entre fuerzas israelíes, libanesas, sirias y otras en el Líbano desde 1948

Iranian nuclear scientist and politician (1958–2025)

1985-2000 war between Israel and insurgents in South Lebanon

suicide attack

1992 suicide bombing attack on the Israeli embassy in Buenos Aires

Iranian physicist (1959-2010)

Israeli bombing in Al Hudaydah, Yemen, on 20 July 2024

15 January 2024 missile strikes in Iraq and Syria

political alliance in West Asia

Iranian-Swedish disaster medicine doctor, lecturer and researcher

2026 assassination

January 2023 drone strikes against a munitions factory in Isfahan

accusations of Israeli support for terrorism

2024 attack in Lebanon

Iranian nuclear scientist (1979–2012)

missile attacks on Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

assassination campaign

Iranian scientist (1966–2010)

2026 Iran war bombing

Russian-Israeli researcher (born 1986)

2019 diplomatic conference

conflict since the 1980s

low-level conflict between Hezbollah and Israel

2002 Israeli military action

2018 military operation

Israeli military operation

incidents at the Israel–Syria border since 2011

Iran-related controversy

2009 Israeli Navy seizure of cargo ship

hezbollah military intervention in the Syrian civil war

airstrikes by Israel against Iran-aligned forces in Iraq

2009 series of air strikes in Sudan allegedly conducted by Israel

Iranian nuclear physicist

Hezbollah captured three Israeli soldiers on Lebanese border

Iranian physicist (1962–2007)

Series of terrorist attacks

2011 explosion in Iranian armory

Iranian nuclear explosive device program