Jews and Judaism in Europe

Jewish diaspora of Spain and Portugal

thumb|360px|right|Top row, proto-Maskilim: Raphael Levi Hannover • [[Solomon Dubno • Tobias Cohn • Marcus Elieser Bloch 2nd row, Berlin Haskalah: Salomon Jacob Cohen • David Friedländer • Naphtali Hirz Wessely • Moses Mendelssohn3rd row, Austria and Galicia: Judah Löb Mieses • Solomon Judah Loeb Rapoport • Joseph Perl • Baruch Jeitteles Bottom row, Russia: Avrom Ber Gotlober • Abraham Mapu • Samuel Joseph Fuenn • Isaac Baer Levinsohn ]]

thumb|300px|An 1893 Isaak_Asknaziy#Selected_paintings|painting by the artist [[Isaak Asknaziy of a Jewish wedding with a band in a ]] ' or ' ( ; , ; pl. shtetelekh) is a Yiddish term for small towns with predominantly Ashkenazi Jewish populations which existed in Eastern Europe before the Holocaust. The term is used in the context of pre-Second World War European Jewish societies as communities within the surrounding non-Jewish populace, and thus bears certain connotations of discrimination. (or , , or ) were mainly found in the areas that constituted the 19th-century Pale of Settlement in the

dish made from a poached mixture of ground deboned fish

thumb|"Whoever wears this sign is an enemy of our people" – Parole der Woche, 1 July 1942 showing a [[yellow badge used by the Nazis to identify Jews]] thumb|Synagogue in Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|German-occupied [[Bydgoszcz, Poland, September 1939. The inscription in German reads: "This city is free of Jews!"]] thumb|German map showing the number of Jewish executions carried out by Einsatzgruppe A in: [[Estonia (declared judenfrei), Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and Russia]] thumb|Advertisement for a café in Tübingen, describing itself as judenfrei Judenfrei (, "free of Jews") and

major wave of Zionist immigration to Ottoman Palestine

Period of Jewish immigration to Palestine between 1903 and 1914

1919–1923 wave of Jewish immigration to Palestine

fifth wave of Jewish immigration to the Palestine region from Europe and Asia (1929–1939)

Bricha (), also called the Bericha Movement, was the underground organized effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors settle in British Mandate for Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939. It ended when Israel declared independence and annulled the White Paper.

history of the Jews on the European continent

1924-1928 Wave of Jewish Immigration to Mandatory Palestine from Europe

european Jewish Culture Celebration Event

Kivshovata (, , , , Kovshevataya, Koshevata) is a village in Bila Tserkva Raion, in Kyiv Oblast (province) in central Ukraine. It belongs to Tarashcha urban hromada, one of the hromadas of Ukraine. Kivshovata borders the village of Luka.

Rechke (, ) is a village in Belarus, located on the Zhuchka River. It is part of the Krivoselsky Village Council (Krivoselsky Selsoviet) in the Vilyeyka District of the Minsk Region. As of 2008, the population was 118 people.

ethnic community in Eastern Europe