Languages attested from the 9th century BC

Arabic is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as ( "the eloquent Arabic") or simply '''' ().

forms of Greek used from around the 9th century BCE to the 6th century CE

extinct language of Urartu

extinct Canaanite dialect

stage of the Arabic language before the codification of classical Arabic