Populated places established in the 1st century BC

Florence () is the capital and most populous city of the Italian region of Tuscany, with 362,353 inhabitants It is also the capital of the eponymous metropolitan province, which counts 989,460 inhabitants.

Cologne ( ; ; ) is the fourth-most populous city of Germany and the largest city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia with nearly 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and over 3.1 million people in the Cologne Bonn urban region. Cologne is also part of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region, the second biggest metropolitan region by GDP in the European Union. Centered on the left bank of the Rhine, Cologne is located on the River Rhine (Lower Rhine), about southeast of the North Rhine-Westphalia state capital Düsseldorf and northwest of Bonn, the former capital of West Germany.

Guangzhou, also known as Canton, is the capital and largest city of Guangdong in southern China. Located on the Pearl River, about northwest of Hong Kong and north of Macau, Guangzhou has a history of over 2,200 years and was a major terminus of the Silk Road.

Nantes (, ; ; or ; ) is a city in the Loire-Atlantique department of France on the Loire, from the Atlantic coast. The city is the sixth largest in France, with a population of 327,734 in Nantes proper (2023) and a metropolitan area of over 1 million inhabitants (2022). With Saint-Nazaire, a seaport on the Loire estuary, Nantes forms one of the main north-western French metropolitan agglomerations.

thumb|Satellite view of Mainz (south of the Rhine) and Wiesbaden

Trier ( , ; ), formerly and traditionally known in English as Trèves ( , ) and Triers (see also names in other languages), is a city on the banks of the Moselle in Germany. It lies in a valley between low vine-covered hills of red sandstone in the west of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, near the border with Luxembourg and within the important Moselle wine region.

thumb|Life Electric, by [[Daniel Libeskind, to celebrate scientist Alessandro Volta (2015)]] thumb|300px|Villa Olmo and its public gardens on the lakefront

Koblenz ( , , ; Moselle Franconian: Kowelenz) is a city in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, on the banks of the rivers Rhine (Middle Rhine) and Moselle, a multinational tributary.

Pamplona (; Basque: Iruña ; officially in its bilingual form: Pamplona-Iruña), historically also known as Pampeluna in English, is the capital city of the Chartered Community of Navarre in Spain. As of 2024, with a population of 208,243, it is the 29th largest city in Spain.

Limoges ( , , ; , locally ) is a city and commune, and the prefecture of the Haute-Vienne department in west-central France. It was the administrative capital of the former Limousin region. Situated on the first western foothills of the Massif Central, Limoges is crossed by the river Vienne, of which it was originally the first ford crossing point.

municipality in Castile and León, Spain

upright=1.35|thumb|"Kiangsi" (Nanchang). Nieuhof: ''L'ambassade de la Compagnie Orientale des Provinces Unies vers l'Empereur de la Chine'', 1665

town of Extremadura, Spain

cathedral city and county town of Lincolnshire, England, UK

Imola (; or ) is a city and comune in the Metropolitan City of Bologna, located on the river Santerno, in the Emilia-Romagna region of northern Italy. The city is traditionally considered the western entrance to the historical region Romagna.

commune in Isère, France

Tongeren (; ; ; ) is a city and former municipality located in the Belgian province of Limburg, in the southeastern corner of the Flemish region of Belgium. Tongeren is the oldest town in Belgium, as the only Roman administrative capital within the country's borders. As a Roman city, it was inhabited by the Tungri, and known as Atuatuca Tungrorum, it was the administrative centre of the Civitas Tungrorum district. Since 1 January 2025, it is part of the new municipality Tongeren-Borgloon.

ancient Levantine city

commune in Somme, France

municipality in the province of Badajoz, Spain

Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges (, literally Saint-Bertrand of Comminges; Gascon: Sent Bertran de Comenge) is a commune (municipality) and former episcopal see in the Haute-Garonne department in southwestern France. It is a member of the Les Plus Beaux Villages de France ("The Most Beautiful Villages of France") association.

__NOTOC__

Lugdunum (also spelled Lugudunum, ; modern Lyon, France) was an important Roman city in Gaul, established on the current site of Lyon.

Mampsis (Medieval Greek: Μάμψις) or Memphis (Ancient Greek: Μέμφις), today Mamshit (), Kurnub (Arabic: كرنب), is a former Nabataean caravan stop and Byzantine city. In the Nabataean period, Mampsis was an important station on the Incense Road, connecting Southern Arabia through Edom, the Arabah and Ma'ale Akrabim, to the Mediterranean ports, as well as to Jerusalem via Beersheba and Hebron. The city covers and is the smallest but best restored ancient city in the Negev Desert. The once-luxurious houses feature unusual architecture not found in any other Nabataean city.

human settlement

Roman colony in Lesser Armenia

Romano-British town at Silchester, United Kingdom

thumb|right|280px|Partial view of the house of mosaics, Juliobriga Juliobriga (, , ) was the most important urban centre in Roman Cantabria, as stated by numerous Latin authors including Pliny the Elder. The site has traditionally been identified with ruins in the village of Retortillo (Cantabria) and its Villafría district, in the municipality of Campoo de Enmedio.

thumb|300px|Via Claudia Nova (in yellow) thumb|350px|City walls

Roman town in Gallia Aquitania, now Saintes

Atuatuca (or Aduatuca) is the name of two ancient fortified settlements located in the eastern part of modern Belgium, between the Scheldt and Rhine rivers. The oldest one, Atuatuca Eboronum, attested during the Gallic Wars (58–50 BC), was the stronghold of the Eburones. The other one, Atuatuca Tungrorum (modern Tongeren), founded around 10 BC, was the Roman-era capital of the Civitas Tungrorum, inhabited by the Tungri.

Roman city

Hellenistic city of Pontus in Asia Minor founded initially by Mithridates VI Eupator in the valley of Phanaroe

Vitudurum (sometimes Vitodorum) is the name of a Roman vicus, whose remains are located in Oberwinterthur, a locality of the municipality of Winterthur in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.

city of Ancient Rome