Scientific documents

upright 1.2|thumb|Dutch 18th century doctoral ceremony at Leiden University shown on the frontispiece of a PhD thesis, [[Netherlands. () by Guilielmus ab Irhoven (Willem van Irhoven) on the authority of the Rector magnificus Johannes Jacobus Vitriarius (Jan Jacob Glazenmaker), 7 July 1721.]]

thumb|Typical publishing workflow for an academic journal article (Manuscript (publishing)|preprint, [[postprint, and published) with open access sharing rights per SHERPA/RoMEO.]]

record of research plans, activities, and outcomes

In scientific writing, IMRAD or IMRaD () (Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion) is a common organizational structure for the format of a document. IMRaD is the most prominent norm for the structure of a scientific journal article of the original research type.

document that describes the process, progress, or results of technical or scientific research or the state of a technical or scientific research problem

work that an author submits to a publisher or editor for publication

informally published research paper circulated to provide information or seek feedback