States and territories established in the 440s

The Hephthalites or Ephthalites (), sometimes called the White Huns (also known as the White Hunas, in Iranian as the Spet Xyon and in Sanskrit and Prakrit as the Sveta-huna), were a people who lived in Central Asia during the 5th to 8th centuries CE, part of the larger group of Eastern Iranian Huns. They formed an empire, the Imperial Hephthalites, and were militarily important from 450 CE, when they defeated the Kidarites, to 560 CE, when combined forces from the First Turkic Khaganate and the Sasanian Empire defeated them. After 560 CE, they established "principalities" in the area of Tokha

thumb|250px|right|Post-Roman Welsh kingdoms. Dogfeiling is in the north center, between Rhos (north Wales)|Rhos and [[Tegeingl. The modern Anglo-Welsh border is also shown.]] Dogfeiling was a minor sub-kingdom and later a commote in north Wales.

thumb|right|240px|A general map of Gwynedd showing the cantrefi. Rhufoniog is shown in the upper centre portion. Rhufoniog was a small sub-kingdom of the Dark Ages Gwynedd, and later a cantref in medieval Wales.