Subglacial volcanoes of Iceland

Grímsvötn (; vötn = "waters", singular: ) is an active volcano with a (partially subglacial) fissure system located in Vatnajökull National Park, Iceland. The central volcano is completely subglacial and located under the northwestern side of the Vatnajökull ice cap. The subglacial caldera is at , at an elevation of . Beneath the caldera is the magma chamber of the Grímsvötn volcano.

volcano in Iceland

Snæfellsjökull (, snow-fell glacier) is a 700,000-year-old glacier-capped stratovolcano in western Iceland. It is situated on the westernmost part of the Snæfellsnes peninsula. Sometimes it may be seen from the city of Reykjavík over Faxa Bay, at a distance of .

Bárðarbunga (, alternative name Veiðivötn), is an active and productive stratovolcano located under Vatnajökull, which is Iceland's most extensive glacier, in Vatnajökull National Park. The second highest mountain in Iceland, above sea level, Bárðarbunga is also part of the Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system that is approximately long and wide.

thumb|280px|Hvannadalshnúkur, the highest peak of Öræfajökull. Öræfajökull (; 'Öræfi glacier' or 'wasteland glacier') is an ice-covered volcano in south-east Iceland. The largest active volcano and the highest peak in Iceland at , it lies within the Vatnajökull National Park and is covered by part of the glacier.

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Fagradalsfjall () is an active tuya volcano formed in the Last Glacial Period on the Reykjanes Peninsula, around from Reykjavík, Iceland. Fagradalsfjall is also the name for the wider volcanic system covering an area wide and long between the Eldvörp–Svartsengi and Krýsuvík systems. The highest summit in this area is Langhóll (). No volcanic eruption had occurred for 815 years on the Reykjanes Peninsula until 19 March 2021 when a fissure vent appeared in Geldingadalir to the south of Fagradalsfjall mountain. The 2021 eruption was effusive and continued emitting fresh lava sporadically unt

Tindfjallajökull (, alternatively Tindafjallajökull) is a glacier in the south of Iceland whose name is also given to the underlying stratovolcano. Tindfjöll (, "peak mountains") is a ridge that extends to the south of the glacier and is an alternative name for the volcano. The name of the glacier in Icelandic means "Tindfjöll glacier".

thumb|Glacier cave near Kverkfjöll. thumb|Warning text about the caves.

Torfajökull (Icelandic for "Torfi's glacier"; ) is a rhyolitic stratovolcano, with a large caldera (central volcano) capped by a glacier of the same name and associated with a complex of subglacial volcanoes. Torfajökull last erupted in 1477 and consists of the largest area of silicic extrusive rocks in Iceland. This is now known to be due to a VEI 5 eruption 55,000 years ago.

Tungnafellsjökull (, "Tungna-fells glacier" or "tongue-fells glacier") is a icecap glacier upon a volcano of the same name in Iceland. The volcano is also known as Vonarskarð.

right|upright=1.25|thumb|Þórisjökull Þórisjökull or Thórisjökull (, Icelandic for "Thóris's glacier") is a small glacier and volcano in western-central Iceland, to the southwest of Langjökull glacier. It has an elevation of . Kaldidalur lies in the foreground.

The subglacial Esjufjöll () volcano is located in the south-east part of the Vatnajökull icecap. Esjufjöll is a strict nature reserve (IUCN category Ia).

Helgrindur (, also known as Lýsuskarð, Lysuhóll or Lysukard) is a volcanic mountain range or massif in the middle of the Snæfellsnes peninsula that provides a backdrop to the port of Grundarfjörður. The volcano can be regarded as potentially active, with a risk of lava flows and much more rarely explosive tephra eruptions. The range with its prominent peaks, of Tröllkerling at in its south-east, Böðvarskúla at and Kaldnasaborgir (Kaldnasi) in its north-west at is popular with hikers or mountaineers.

alt=Volcano eruption at Fagradalsfjall next to Litli-Hrútur and with Keilir in the background|thumb|Volcano eruption at Fagradalsfjall next to Litli-Hrútur and with Keilir in the background 250px|thumb|Keilir from Spákonuvatn lake, Reykjavegur hiking trail thumb|Remote view of Keilir among Pressure ridge (lava)|tumuli within Hvassahraun [[lava field (Krýsuvík volcanic system]] Keilir (; 378 m asl) is a Pleistocene subglacial mound or perhaps a conical tuya on Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland. Basal area is 0.773 km2, summit area 0.004 km2, basal width 0.99 km, summit width 0.07 km, vol

thumb|250px|Hamarinn and Hamarskriki in front of Vatnajökull The Loki-Fögrufjöll ( volcanic system; also known as Hamarinn after its central volcano or Lokahryggur ) is a subglacial volcano under the Vatnajökull glacier.

thumb|View on Sandskeið airfield and Vífilsfell from the Hringvegur thumb|Quarries at Vífilsfell in 2019 thumb|Winterly road conditions on the Hringvegur near Vífilsfell thumb|Bláfjöll with Vífilsfell to the left, seen from lake [[Rauðavatn in the outskirts of Reykjavík]] Vífilsfell () is a hyaloclastite ridge in southwestern Iceland (Weichselian). It is 655 m high and located west of Jósepsdalur valley on the volcanic plateau of Hellisheiði. It forms the northernmost offset of the Bláfjöll mountain massif and is situated on top of the fissure system of Brennisteinsfjöll.

Thordarhyrna ( ) is one of seven subglacial volcanoes beneath the Vatnajokull glacier in Iceland. It is a paired active central volcano with Grímsvötn, and can be classified as part of the Grímsvötn-Laki volcanic system, with common fissure swarms to the south.

thumb|350px|Bláfjöll thumb|Vífilsfell and the northern Bláfjöll thumb|Aerial photograph of Hellisheiði: Lambafell, Leitahraun and behind it, to the left, Sauðadalahnúkur and the southern Bláfjöll thumb|Ski resort Bláfjöll in 2011, Stóra-Kóngsfell in the background Bláfjöll (, "blue mountains") are a small mountain range in the southwest of Iceland on Reykjanes peninsula at about 30 km from Reykjavík.

mountain in Iceland

thumb|Probably produced by a similar type of eruption: Memorial of jökulhlaup over Skeiðarársandur following the [[Grímsvötn-Gjálp eruption in 1996]] thumb|Sveifluháls from Seltún geothermal area thumb|Sveifluháls seen from Grænavatn [[maar]]