Tributary states of the Ottoman Empire

Roman Empire during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages

monarchy in Europe (1282–1918)

Byzantine Greek state on Black Sea coast

Medieval Bulgarian state (1185–1396)

former maritime republic in southeast Europe (1358–1808)

thumb|Princes of East Circassia thumb|Presidents of the Circassian Confederation Circassia ( ), also known as Zichia, was a country and a historical region in . It spanned the western coastal portions of the North Caucasus, along the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. Circassia was conquered by the Russian Empire during the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), after which approximately 80–97% of the Circassian people were either exiled or massacred in the Circassian genocide.

Province of the Byzantine Empire

ruling dynasty (1549-1659)

former country (1402-1459/1537)

former country

historical state in the Caucasus

historical state in the Caucasus

former semi-independent state (1834-1912) in Samos, Greece