5th-century BC Iranian people

Achaemenid prince, satrap of Lydia from 408 to 401 BC

Sogdianus ( or ; ) was briefly a ruler of the Achaemenid Empire for a period in 424–423 BC. His short rule—lasting not much more than six months—and the little recognition of his kingdom are known primarily from the writings of Ctesias; who is known to be unreliable. He was reportedly an illegitimate son of Artaxerxes I by his concubine Alogyne of Babylon.

Atossa (Old Persian: Utauθa, or Old Iranian: Hutauθa; 550–475 BC) was an Achaemenid empress. She was the daughter of Cyrus the Great, the sister of Cambyses II, the wife of Darius the Great, the mother of Xerxes the Great and the grandmother of Artaxerxes I. Atossa was undoubtedly the most prominent woman in the history of Iran. During her husband's reign, she had a direct role in state affairs as queen. She played an important role history of Iran, serving at the court of Darius the Great. She was a poet and a scholar, teaching Persian literature to young people, and played a leading role in

Achaemenid military commander during Greco-Persian Wars (died 479 BC)

Tissaphernes (; ; , ; 445395 BC) was a Persian commander and statesman, Satrap of Lydia and Ionia. His life is mostly known from the works of Thucydides and Xenophon. According to Ctesias, he was the son of Hidarnes III and therefore, the great grandson of Hydarnes, one of the six conspirators who had supported the rise of Darius the Great.

Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia from 413 to 374 BC

Datis or Datus (, Old Iranian: *Dātiya-, Achaemenid Elamite: Da-ti-ya) was a Median noble and admiral who served the Persian Empire during the reign of Darius the Great (522–486 BC). He is known for his role in leading the Persian amphibious expedition against Greece in 490 BC during the Greco-Persian Wars. Along with Darius's nephew Artaphernes, he was tasked with subduing Eretria and Athens, succeeding the previously defeated Mardonius.

Artaphernes (Greek: Ἀρταφέρνης, Old Persian: Artafarna, from Median Rtafarnah) was a brother of the Achaemenid king Darius I and held power circa 513–492 BC. He was appointed satrap of Lydia, which he governed from its capital of Sardis. As satrap of Lydia he had to deal with the Greeks, and played an important role in both the Siege of Naxos and in suppressing the Ionian Revolt.

Parysatis (; , ; 5th-century BC) was a Persian queen, consort of Darius II, who had a large influence during the reign of her son Artaxerxes II.

5th-century BC Persian general and satrap

Amestris (, Amēstris, perhaps the same as Άμαστρις, Amāstris, from Old Persian Amāstrī-, "strong woman") was an Achaemenid queen, wife of king Xerxes I and mother of king Artaxerxes I.She was one of the influential women of the Achaemenid era, extremely powerful and vindictive.

Hydarnes (), also known as Hydarnes the Elder, was a Persian nobleman, who was one of the seven conspirators who overthrew the Pseudo-Smerdis. His name is the Greek transliteration of the Old Persian name , which may have meant "he who knows the guilt/wrong".

4th-century BCE Persian satrap of Hellespont Phrygia

Bactrian military officer of the Achaemenid Empire and satrap of Armenia at the end of the 5th-century BC and first half of the 4th-century BC.

5th-century BC Achaemenid satrap of Egypt

court official and murderer of King Xerxes

Megabyzus (, a folk-etymological alteration of Old Persian Bagabuxša, meaning "God saved") was an Achaemenid Persian general, son of Zopyrus, satrap of Babylonia, and grandson of Megabyzus I, one of the seven conspirators who had put Darius I on the throne. His father was killed when the satrapy rebelled in 484 BCE, and Megabyzus led the forces that recaptured the city, after which the statue of the god Marduk was destroyed to prevent future revolts. Megabyzus subsequently took part in the Second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BCE). Herodotus claims that he refused to act on orders to pil

thumb|Megabates was son of Arsames, and brother of Hystaspes. Megabates (Old Persian: ; Ancient Greek: ; dates unknown) was a Persian military leader in the late 6th and early 5th centuries BC. According to Herodotus he was a cousin of Darius the Great and his brother Artaphernes, satrap of Lydia.

5th-century BCE ruler of the satrapy of Hellespontine Phrygia

5th-century BCE Persian military commander

Artazostre or Artozostre (Old Persian *Artazauštrī) was a Persian princess, daughter of king Darius the Great (522-485 BC) by Artystone, daughter of Cyrus the Great.

wife of Artaxerxes II of Persia

5th-century BCE satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia

father of Stateira, Late 5th-century BC Persian nobleman

Ostanes (from Greek ), also spelled Hostanes and Osthanes, is a legendary Persian magus and alchemist. It was the pen-name used by several pseudo-anonymous authors of Greek and Latin works from Hellenistic period onwards. Together with Pseudo-Zoroaster and Pseudo-Hystaspes, Ostanes belongs to the group of pseudepigraphical "Hellenistic Magians", that is, a long line of Greek and other Hellenistic writers who wrote under the name of famous "Magians". While Pseudo-Zoroaster was identified as the "inventor" of astrology, and Pseudo-Hystaspes was stereotyped as an apocalyptic prophet, Ostanes was

Damaspia (from Old Persian *Jāmāspi- or *ðāmāspyā-) was an Achaemenid queen, wife of the king Artaxerxes I and mother of Xerxes II, his legitimate heir.

thumb|200px|right|Location of Bactria within the Persian Empire. Masistes (Old Persian 𐎶𐎰𐎡𐏁𐎫, Maθišta; Greek Μασίστης, Masístēs; Old Iranian *Masišta; died 478 BC) was a Persian prince of the Achaemenid Dynasty, son of king Darius I (reign: 520-486 BC) and of his wife Atossa, and full brother of king Xerxes I (reign: 486-465 BC). He was satrap (governor) of Bactria during his brother's reign, where he attempted to start a revolt in 478 BC.

5th-century BC Persian satrap of Egypt

thumb|upright=1.35|Possible coinage of Abrocomas, Sinop, Turkey|Sinope, [[Paphlagonia.]] Abrocomas () was satrap of Syria for the Achaemenid king Artaxerxes II Mnemon. He may also have been satrap of Paphlagonia, with its capital at Sinope, according to the reading of some of the coinage of Sinope: the Aramaic reading "ˈbrkmw" has been identified as the name rendered in Greek as "Abrocomas", but this is not universally accepted.

Achaemenid princess

Artasyrus (also spelled Artasouras; Old Iranian: Arta-sūra) was a Bactrian nobleman in the Achaemenid Empire, who was the father of Orontes I (died 344 BC), the satrap of the Armenia and ancestor of the Orontid dynasty. The career of Artasyrus is obscure. According to the Greek historian Plutarch, he held the high-ranking office of the "King's Eye". He has been suggested to be the same person as the namesake Iranian noble who participated in the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC. He and Orontes I are the only Bactrians who are known to have occupied high offices under the Achaemenid Empire. Bactrians

Aryandes (Old Iranian: Aryavanda or Arvanta, Ancient Greek: Ἀρυάνδης) was the first Achaemenid satrap of ancient Egypt between 525 BCE and 496 BCE, during the early 27th Dynasty of Egypt.

Ariabignes (, ) was one of the sons of the Persian king Darius I and his mother was a daughter of Gobryas (). He participated in the Second Persian invasion of Greece, as one of the four admirals of the fleet of his brother Xerxes I, and was killed in the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC. Ariabignes was the commander of the Carian and Ionian forces.

Parmys (Old Persian: (H)uparviyā, Elamite: Uparmiya) was a Persian princess, the only daughter of Bardiya (Smerdis), son of Cyrus the Great.

Second son of Xerxes I of Persia

Ariomardus was the name of a number of people from classical antiquity: A son of the Persian King Darius I and his wife Parmys. He attended Xerxes I into Greece, being in command of the Moschi and Tibareni. The brother of Artuphius, who commanded the Caspii in the army of Xerxes I. The ruler of Thebes in Egypt, and one of the commanders of the Egyptians in the army of Xerxes.

Hyperanthes () was a son of Darius the Great of Persia by Phratagune, and brother to Xerxes I. He was present in the second invasion of Greece in 480 BC. According to Herodotus, he fought and died alongside his other brother Abrocomes in the battle of Thermopylae in the final phase known as the "Battle of Champions" (translation of Tom Holland), where the Spartans in their last stand fought feverishly against him and the Persian force over the retrieval of Leonidas' dead body.

Amorges (Old Iranian: (H)umarga, ), son of the Persian rebel satrap Pissouthnes (Πισσούθνης) of Lydia, was the leader of a Carian rebellion against king Darius II Nothus in 413 BC. He was captured by Tissaphernes and executed in 412 BC. During his Carian rebellion, he occupied and was sheltered in the port of Iasus. Athens was sympathetic to him during the Peloponnesian War against Sparta.

thumb|Aspathines on the tomb of Darius I. Aspathines ( ; ) (born and died sometime between 550 BC and 450BC) was a senior official under Darius the Great and Xerxes I of Persia.

thumb|Bubares was son of Megabazus. thumb|right|Bubares built the Xerxes Canal for the passage of the [[Second Persian invasion of Greece. Mount Athos peninsula from the stratosphere (at an altitude of 23 km), and simulation of the Xerxes Canal (seen from north).]] thumb|Northern end of the Xerxes Canal, now filled up. Bubares (, died after 480 BC) was a Persian nobleman and engineer in the service of the Achaemenid Empire of the 5th century BC. He was one of the sons of Megabazus, and a second-degree cousin of Xerxes I.

Pherendates (; ) was an Achaemenid satrap of ancient Egypt in the early 5th century BCE, at the time of the Achaemenid 27th Dynasty of Egypt.

Abrocomes () was a son of king Darius I of Persia and his wife Phratagune, who died with his full brother Hyperanthes in the battle of Thermopylae, while fighting over the body of Leonidas.

thumb|Pissuthnes was satrap of Lydia, including [[Ionia.]] Pissuthnes, also known as Pissouthnes, (Old Persian: wiktionary:Reconstruction:Old Persian/Pišišyauθnah|; Ancient Greek: ) was an Achaemenid satrap of Lydia, which included Ionia, circa 440–415 BCE. His capital was Sardis. He was the son of Hystaspes, probably himself the son of Darius I, which shows his Persian origin and his membership of the Achaemenid dynasty. He held the satrapy for over twenty years, and became extremely rich as a consequence.

Crown Prince of Achaemenid Persia (died 465 BC)

Ariaeus (fl. 401 BC – 394 BC) was a Persian general who fought alongside Cyrus the Younger at the Battle of Cunaxa and later was involved in the assassination of Tissaphernes.

Ariapeithes (Scythian: ; ) was a king of the Scythians in the early 5th century BCE.

daughter of Artaxersès II, wife of Orontès I

Oebares (Old Persian: Va(h)ubara) was a Persian officer of Cyrus the Great (fl. 6th century BCE). When Cyrus sent Petisaces to bring Astyages to court from his satrapy, Oebares caused Petisaces to leave the old king Astyages to die in the desert, when this was discovered he proceeded to starve himself to death to avoid falling to an act of vengeance from Astyages' daughter, Amytis.

colleague of 5th-century BC Achaemenid commander Masistes

Irdabama (fl. early 5th-century BC), was an Ancient Persian businesswoman during the reign of Darius the Great (r. 522–485 BC). She is the most well known and wealthiest businesswoman attested to in the records of the Achaemenid Empire at Persepolis. According to Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones (2013), recently uncovered texts in Persepolis indicate that Darius' mother was Irdabama.

thumb|upright=1.35|The ancient Persian fort at Eion (left) and the mouth of the Strymon (right), seen from Ennea Hodoi ([[Amphipolis).]]

Artachaees (), son of Artaeus, was an Achaemenid engineer of ancient Persia, who lived around the 5th century BCE.

daughter of Artaxerxes II of Persia

Scyles, Skyles, or Scylas (Scythian: ; , romanized: ; Latin: ), was a Scythian king who lived in the 5th century BC. He is mentioned in the histories of Herodotus as having been an admirer of Greek culture and traditions, which led to his falling out of favor with his people and being executed by his brother.

Phratagune (or Phratagone) was a princess of ancient Persia, the only daughter of Artanes, who lived around the 5th century BCE.

ancient Persian prince and brother to Darius the Great

thumb|upright=1.5|Death of Masistius. Masistius (Μασίστιος to the Greeks) was a Persian cavalry commander best known for his role in the second Persian invasion of Greece.

son of Bubares, 5th-century BC Persian official of Macedonian noble descent

satrap of Daskyleion (Hellespontine Phrygia) in 493 BC

Ariaspes (; died between 360 and 358 BC) was one of the three legitimate sons of Artaxerxes II of Persia. He was, after the death of his eldest brother Darius, driven to commit suicide by the intrigues of his other brother, Ochus. He was called "Ariarates" by the Roman historian Justin.