Ancient history of Ukraine

thumb|300px|Sarmatian cataphracts depicted on [[Trajan's Column, 2nd century CE.]]

Scythia (, ) or Scythica (, ) was a geographic region defined in the ancient Graeco-Roman world that encompassed the Pontic steppe. It was inhabited by Scythians, an ancient Eastern Iranian equestrian nomadic people. thumb|400px|The maximum extent of Pontic Scythia.

thumb|350px|Roman Moesia in 250 AD, divided into the provinces of Moesia Superior to the west and Moesia Inferior to the east

Greco-Scythian state near Sea of Azov (c.438 BC–c.527 AD)

Hellenistic-era kingdom centred in northern Anatolia (281 BC-62 AD)

Tyras () was an ancient Greek city on the northern coast of the Black Sea. It was founded by colonists from Miletus, probably about 600 BC. The city was situated some 10 km from the mouth of the Tyras River, which is now called the Dniester. The surrounding native tribe was called the Tyragetae. The ruins of Tyras are now located in the modern city of Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi in the Odesa Oblast of Ukraine.

The Androphagi were an ancient Scythian tribe whose existence was recorded by ancient Greco-Roman authors. They were closely related to the Melanchlaeni and the Budini.

military expedition into European Scythia by Achaemenid king Darius I in 513 BCE.

Roman Crimea (47 BC to c. 340 AD)

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Nikōnion (; ) and Nikōnia () was an ancient Greek city on the east bank of the Dniester estuary. Its ruins are located 300 meters to the northwest of the modern village Roksolany, in the Odesa Raion of the Odesa Oblast, Ukraine.