Heads of government

most senior minister of cabinet in the executive branch of government in a parliamentary system

thumb|upright=1.25|20th-century leaders typically described as dictators (from left to right and top to bottom): Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union; [[Adolf Hitler of Germany; Augusto Pinochet of Chile; Mao Zedong of China; Benito Mussolini of Italy; and Kim Il Sung of North Korea]] thumb|Saddam Hussein, the fifth president of Iraq, is typically described as a dictator. thumb|upright=0.9|Julius Caesar outmaneuvered his opponents in ancient Rome to install himself as dictator for life.

chief officer of the executive branch of a government

thumb|345x345px|An illustrated Portrait of Mohammad Shah Qajar|Muhammad Shah Qajar and his Vizier Haj Mirza Aghasi in Iran during the 19th century. Vizier's roles as advisors in courts evolved over time, becoming an important part of official government institutions.

The taoiseach is the head of government, or prime minister of Ireland. The office is appointed by the president of Ireland upon nomination by Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, Ireland's national legislature) and the office-holder must retain the support of a majority in the Dáil to remain in office.

( , spelled Fuehrer when the umlaut is unavailable) is a German word meaning or . As a political title, it is strongly associated with Adolf Hitler, the dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945. Hitler officially called himself der Führer und Reichskanzler () after the death of President Paul von Hindenburg in 1934, as well as the subsequent merging of the offices of Reichspräsident and Reichskanzler.

A triumvirate () or a triarchy is a political institution ruled or dominated by three individuals, known as triumvirs (). The arrangement can be formal or informal. Though the three leaders in a triumvirate are notionally equal, the actual distribution of power may vary.

position

thumb|235px|The Palace of the in Florence, now the [[Bargello museum]] ' (), also potestate or podesta' in English, was the name given to the holder of the highest civil office in the government of the cities of central and northern Italy during the Late Middle Ages. Sometimes, it meant the chief magistrate of a city-state, the counterpart to similar positions in other cities that went by other names, e.g. ('rectors').

The Peshwa was the second highest office in the Maratha Empire, next in rank and prestige only to that of the Chhatrapati. Initially serving as the appointed prime minister in the Maratha Kingdom, the office became hereditary when Shahu gave the seat of Peshwa to Bajirao Ballal. During the reign of Shahu, the office of Peshwas were handed more responsibilities to keep the Jagirdars and Vatandars of the Maratha Empire from rebelling. After the death of Shahu I the empire had no male heir apparent; hence the duty of maintaining peace lay with the Peshwas till the heir apparent (Rajaram II) was o

elected head of government of a sub-national entity

A minister-president or minister president is the head of government in a number of European countries or subnational governments with a parliamentary or semi-presidential system of government where they preside over the council of ministers. It is an alternative term for prime minister, premier, chief minister, or first minister and very similar to the title of president of the council of ministers.

In several ancient Semitic-speaking cultures and associated historical regions, the shopheṭ or shofeṭ (plural shophetim or shofetim; , , , the last loaned into Latin as sūfes; see also ) was a community leader of significant civic stature, often functioning as a chief magistrate with authority roughly equivalent to Roman consular powers.

head of government (e.g. of a state or territory in India)

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senior military position in the 10th-century Abbasid Caliphate

thumb|Fausto Veranzio's 1595 Dictionarium quinque linguarum lists poglavnik as a "[[Dalmatian" word (column 4, item 5). It is equated to Latin princeps, German Fürst and Hungarian fejedelem.]] '''''' () is a Croatian word meaning 'leader' or 'guide'.

postmaster general

chief magistrate of an ancient Greek city-state

Arabic title for a ruler, physician, or wise man

thumb|250px|Mosaic portraying Theodore Metochites (left), to Emperor [[Andronikos II Palaiologos (), presenting the model of the renovated Chora Church to Christ Pantocrator.]] The ' () was a high dignitary and official during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, who acted as the chief minister and principal aide of the Byzantine emperor. In the West, the dignity was understood as being that of the imperial chancellor' ().

The Japanese word Sosai (Japanese:総裁, "Sōsai") means roughly "president" or "director-general". It is used in several ways:

official who served as foreign minister of the Byzantine Empire

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A presidency is an administration or the executive, the collective administrative and governmental entity that exists around an office of president of a state or nation. Although often the executive branch of government, and often personified by a single elected person who holds the office of "president", in practice, the presidency includes a much larger collective of people, such as chiefs of staff, advisers and other bureaucrats. Although often led by a single person, presidencies can also be of a collective nature, such as the presidency of the European Union is held on a rotating basis by

office held by Julius Caesar

thumb|200px|right|Black often represents the official colour of the bendaharas.

Landammann (plural Landammänner), is the German title used by the chief magistrate in certain cantons of Switzerland and at times featured in the head of state's style at the confederal level.

position in the Abbasid Caliphate

Mangkubhumi (; ; Jawi: ) is a term for prime minister which was historically used in kingdoms in Java, Sumatra and Borneo during Hindu–Buddhist civilizations in Nusantara. Elsewhere, Mangkubhumi is also referred to as ', Bendahara, Pepatih Dalem, Perdipati, Pabbicara Butta, Tuan Bicara, Rajabicara, and Tomarilaleng'''''.

Russian statesman and lawyer (1863–1925)

Consul (abbrev. cos.; Latin plural consules) was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire. The title was used in other European city-states through antiquity and the Middle Ages, in particular in the Republics of Genoa and Pisa, then revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic. The related adjective is consular, from the Latin consularis. In modern terminology, a consul is a type of diplomat.

title for senior minister of the Fatimid Caliphate following the conquest of Egypt

weekly public domain directory published by the United States CIA

Riigihoidja (Estonian "Caretaker of State", sometimes translated as President-Regent) was the name of the office of the head of state and head of the caretaker government of Estonia from 3 September 1937 to 24 April 1938. The first person to hold this position was Konstantin Päts, five time former State Elder. His eventual successor ex officio was Johan Laidoner, then Commander-in-Chief.

government position