History of the Scottish Borders

Northumbria was an early medieval English kingdom, existing between 654 and 1066 AD, spanning modern-day Northern England and Southern Scotland.

Berwick-upon-Tweed ( ), sometimes known as Berwick-on-Tweed or simply Berwick, is a town and civil parish in Northumberland, England, south of the Anglo-Scottish border, and the northernmost town in England. The 2011 United Kingdom census recorded Berwick's population as 12,043.

Cumbric is an extinct Celtic Brythonic language or dialect that was spoken during the Early Middle Ages in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North", in what is now Northern England and the southern Scottish Lowlands. Place-name evidence suggests Cumbric may also have been spoken as far south as Pendle and the Yorkshire Dales. The prevailing view is that it became extinct in the 12th century, around the incorporation of the Kingdom of Strathclyde into the Kingdom of Scotland.

Bernicia () was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom established by Anglian settlers of the 6th century in what is now southeastern Scotland and North East England.

area of northern Britain ruled by the Brythonic people in the 5-7th century

Berwickshire (; ) is a historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area in south-eastern Scotland, on the English border. The county takes its name from Berwick-upon-Tweed, its original county town, which was part of Scotland at the time of the county's formation in the twelfth century, but became part of England in 1482 after several centuries of swapping back and forth between the two kingdoms. After the loss of Berwick, Duns and Greenlaw both served as county town at different periods.

1513 battle during the War of the League of Cambrai between England and Scotland

Selkirkshire (or the County of Selkirk) is a historic county and registration county of Scotland. It borders Peeblesshire to the west, Midlothian to the north, Roxburghshire to the east, and Dumfriesshire to the south. It derives its name from its county town, the royal burgh of Selkirk. The county was historically also known as Ettrick Forest.

castle, now ruinous, in Berwick-upon-Tweed, Northumberland, England, UK

province of Roman Britain

1296 battle of the First War of Scottish Independence

Roman road that ran from York to the Antonine Wall

1942 Type VIIC submarine

Calchfynydd (Welsh calch "lime" + mynydd "mountain") was an obscure Britonnic kingdom or sub-kingdom of sub-Roman Britain. Its exact location is uncertain, although the name suggests somewhere in one of Great Britain's Chalk Groups and might refer to southern Scotland, the Cotswolds, or the Chilterns. Virtually nothing else definitive is known about it.

tower house converted to country house in Traquair, Scottish Borders, Scotland, UK

1333 assault and capture of Berwick town from the Scottish by the English

archaeological site in Scottish Borders, Scotland, UK

1545 battle in the War of the Rough Wooing

1093 battle

border area between England and Scotland in the medieval and early modern eras

1174 battle

Scottish castle (ruin)

fortified house of the Anglo-Scottish border

1372 battle

1482 English invasion of Scotland during the Anglo-Scottish Wars

raiders from late 1200s to the beginning of the 1600s along the Anglo-Scottish border