States and territories established in the 4th millennium BC

Sumer ( ) is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the 5th and 4th millennium BC. Like nearby Elam, it is one of the cradles of civilization, along with Egypt, the Indus Valley, the Erligang culture of the Yellow River valley, Caral-Supe, and Mesoamerica. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, a surplus of which enabled them to form urban settlements. The world's earliest k

Bronze Age civilisation in South Asia

strip of land that spans from the first cataract at Aswan to Mephis latitudinally, and longitudinally along the Ro Henu corridor, the terrestrial gateway of the Mu-qed conduit

northernmost region of Egypt

dynasty of ancient Egypt

Ebla (Sumerian: eb₂-la, , modern: , Tell Mardikh) was one of the earliest kingdoms in Syria. Its remains constitute a tell located about southwest of Aleppo near the village of Mardikh. Ebla was an important center throughout the and in the first half of the Its discovery proved the Levant was a center of ancient, centralized civilization equal to Egypt and Mesopotamia and ruled out the view that the latter two were the only important centers in the Near East during the Early Bronze Age.

period of ancient Egyptian history

pre-Iranian civilization from ca. 3400 BC to 2500 BC