Bat Ye'or

Bat Ye'or is a pseudonym of Gisèle Littman , née Orebi. Ye'or is a writer who has popularised the terms 'Eurabia ' and 'Dhimmitude") ' with her writings on what she says is a secretly designed political project between the Arab world and European politicians for an 'Islamicisation' of Europe. She has also written under the name Y. Masriya [[1]]( . Ye'or is on the International Free Press Society 's board of advisors and one of the "experts" on the CounterJihad Europa website. Ye'or's views have been praised by American neoconservatives, right-wing Zionists and European neo-fascists[[2]]( The name, Bat Ye'or, is Hebrew for "Daughter of the Nile". Bat Ye'or was born in Cairo, Egypt, in 1933[[3]]( to an Italian father and a French mother who Ye'or has referred to as, "a family of the Jewish bourgeoisie"[[4]]( . In 1957 Ye'or and her family fled Egypt as stateless refuges shortly after the time of the Lavon Affair and the Suez Crisis. Ye'or and her family found asylum in London in 1957, where she began studying Archeology at London University in 1958 and acquired British citizenship in 1959 after marrying David Littman the same year. In 1960 Ye'or and Littman moved to Switzerland, where she studied at the University of Geneva from 1961 to 1962, but never graduated[[5]]( . "Without the devoted presence and close collaboration of Gisèle – a true daughter of the Nile and the later Bat Ye’or - while caring for baby Diana, our mission would have failed"[[8]]( . “Till the mid-1980s, the CID published many studies in French – some in English and German – on subjects related to the Middle East, mailing from 5'000 to 10'000 copies to embassies in Bern, Geneva (UN), Swiss international organizations and libraries, administrators, politicians, Pen Club members and journalists, university professors and secondary school-teachers, doctors, pastors and priests, banks and large enterprises. A further 5,000 copies were used in France, Belgium, the UK, USA, and Israel. Several publications were sent out in the same manner by Les Editions de l'Avenir (from 1971), l'Action Suisse en faveur des Droits de l'Homme (1973) and WOJAC, the World Organization of Jews from Arab Countries") . (1975)”[[9]]( . Ye’or popularised the term Dhimmitude") beginning in 1983[[10]]( after the Lebanese president Bachir Gemayel") coined it a year prior in a speech[[11]]( (despite Ye’or’s website, Dhimmitude , claiming she coined the term[[12]]( ). Ye’or describes dhimmitude as representing “a behavior dictated by fear (terrorism), pacifism when aggressed, rather than resistance, servility because of cowardice and vulnerability”[[13]]( . In her book, Eurabia: the Euro-Arab Axis , Ye’or purports that the alleged ideological subjugation of Europe to an ongoing ‘global jihad strategy’ contributes to: “the spirit of dhimmitude that blinds us, that instills in us a hatred for our own values, and the wish to destroy our own origins and our own history”[[14]]( . On 31 August 1995, Ye'or delivered an address to a symposium on the Balkan war at the Ramada Congress Hotel in Chicago, sponsored by the Lord Byron Foundation for Balkan Studies and the International Strategic Studies Association") .[[15]]( Attacking what she called "the Myth of a Tolerant Pluralistic Islamic Society" she stated: suddenly the recent crisis in Yugoslavia offered a new chance for its reincarnation in a Muslim-dominated, multi-religious, multi-ethnic state. What a chance! A Muslim state again in the heartland of Europe. And we know the rest, the sufferings, the miseries, the trials of the war that this myth once again brought in its wake."[[15]]( University students walked out and criticisms were raised by Jewish and Muslim students and faculty when Ye’or and David Littman gave a lecture[[16]]( entitled “The Ideology of Jihad, Dhimmitude and Human Rights” at Georgetown University, Washington DC, in October 2002[[17]]( .. "The speakers gave us certain ideas about what they would speak about so that