caliphate

Also known as caliphates, Khalifat, Khilāfah, Khilafat, K̲h̲ilāfa

A caliphate ( ) is an institution or public office under the leadership of an Islamic steward with the title of caliph (; , ), a person considered a political–religious successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim world (ummah). Historically, the caliphates were polities based on Islam which developed into multi-ethnic trans-national empires.

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A caliphate is an Islamic government led by a caliph, a political and religious leader considered to be Muhammad's successor and the head of all Muslims worldwide. Historically, caliphates grew into large, multi-ethnic empires that spanned multiple nations and were organized around Islamic principles.

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Commons category: Caliphates

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~61 min read

Article

54 sections

Contents

Etymology
History
Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)
Succession to Muhammad
Rashidun caliphs
Ali's caliphate, Hasan and the rise of the Umayyads
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517)
Abbasid caliphs at Baghdad
Under the Mamluk Sultanate of Cairo (1261–1517)
Parallel regional caliphates in the later Abbasid era
Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (929–1031)
Almohad Caliphate (1147–1269)
Hafsid Caliphate (1253–1574)
Fatimid Caliphate (909–1171)
Ottoman Caliphate (1517–1924)
Abolition of the Caliphate (1924)
Khilafat Movement (1919–1924)
Parallel regional caliphates to the Ottomans
Indian subcontinent
West Africa
Yogyakarta Caliphate (1755–2015)
Moroccan Caliphate
Sharifian Caliphate (1924–1931)
Non-political caliphates
Sufi caliphates
Ahmadiyya Caliphate (1908–present)
Period of dormancy
Abu Issa caliphate (1993 – c. 2014)
Islamic State (2014–present)
Ahmadiyya view
Islamist call
Al-Qaeda's caliphate goals
Opposition
Religious basis
Quran
''Hadith''
Prophesied caliphate of the Mahdi
The ''Sahaba'' of Muhammad
Views of Islamic theologians
Government
Electing or appointing a caliph
Sunni belief
Shia belief
''Majlis al-Shura''
Accountability of rulers
Rule of law
Economy
See also
References
Citations
Sources
Further reading
External links

During the medieval period, three major caliphates succeeded each other: the Rashidun Caliphate (632–661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661–750), and the Abbasid Caliphate (750–1517). In the fourth major caliphate, the Ottoman Caliphate, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire claimed caliphal authority from 1517 until the Ottoman Caliphate was formally abolished as part of the 1924 secularisation of Turkey. The Sharif of Mecca then claimed the title, but this caliphate fell quickly after its conquest by the Sultanate of Nejd (the predecessor of modern-day Saudi Arabia), leaving the claim in dormancy. Throughout the history of Islam, a few other Muslim states, almost all of which were hereditary monarchies, have claimed to be caliphates.