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An Islamic state is a type of government in which the primary basis for government is Islamic religious law (sharia). From the early years of Islam, numerous governments have been founded as "Islamic", beginning most notably with the caliphate established by Muhammad himself and including subsequent governments ruled under the direction of a caliph (meaning "successor" to the Islamic prophet Muhammad).
Excerpted from Wikipedia’s “Category:Islamic states” article, available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.