Also known as circulus in probando, circular logic, circularity, circular argument
logical fallacy in which the reasoner begins the premise with what they are trying to conclude with
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An example of circular reasoning
Circular reasoning (Latin: circulus in probando, "circle in proving"; also known as circular logic) is a fallacy in which the reasoner begins with what they are trying to end with. Circular reasoning is not a formal fallacy, but a pragmatic defect in an argument whereby the premises are just as much in need of proof or evidence as the conclusion. As a consequence, the argument becomes a matter of faith and fails to persuade those who do not already accept it. Other ways to express this are that there is no reason to accept the premises unless one already believes the conclusion, or that the premises provide no independent ground or evidence for the conclusion. Circular reasoning is closely related to begging the question, and in modern usage the two generally refer to the same thing.
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Discovered by embedding cosine similarity (sentence-transformers MiniLM, 384-dim).