graphene

Also known as monolayer graphite

Graphene () is a variety of the element carbon which occurs naturally in small amounts. In graphene, the carbon forms a sheet of interlocked atoms as hexagons one carbon atom thick. The result resembles the face of a honeycomb. When many hundreds of graphene layers build up, they are called graphite.

AI overview

Graphene is a form of carbon that exists as an incredibly thin sheet—just one atom thick—where the carbon atoms are arranged in a honeycomb-like pattern of interlocking hexagons. It occurs naturally in small amounts, and when many layers of it stack together, they form graphite.

AI-generated from the Wikipedia summary — may contain errors.

Key facts

Material.name: Graphene
Material.image: File:Graphen.jpg
Material.caption: Graphene is an atomic-scale honeycomb structure made of carbon atoms
Material.type: Allotrope of carbon
Material.chemical formula: C
Material.youngs_modulus: ≈1 TPa
Material.tensile_strength: 130 GPa
Material.thermal_conductivity: 5300 W⋅m−1⋅K−1

via Wikipedia infobox

Wikidata facts

Image: Graphen.jpg

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Commons category: Graphene
time of discovery or invention: 2004-00-00
melting point: 4510
described at URL: arstechnica.com/science/2026/01/did-edison-accidentally-make-graphene-in-1879

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~78 min read

Article

105 sections

Contents

History
Structure of graphite and its intercalation compounds
Observations of thin graphite layers and related structures
Full isolation and characterization
Exploring commercial applications
Structure
Bonding
Geometry
Stability
Electronic properties
Electronic spectrum
Dispersion relation
Single-atom wave propagation
Ambipolar electron and hole transport
Electrical conductivity and charge transport
Chiral half-integer quantum Hall effect
Quantum hall effect in graphene
Chiral electrons and anomalies
Experimental observations
"Massive" electrons
Inertial effect and kinetic inductance
Interactions and phenomena
Strong magnetic fields
Casimir effect
Van der Waals force
Permittivity
Optical properties
Multi-parametric surface plasmon resonance
Tunable band gap and optical response
Graphene-based Bragg grating
Saturable absorption
Nonlinear Kerr effect
Excitonic properties
Spin transport
Magnetic properties
Strong magnetic fields
Spintronic properties
Magnetic substrates
Mechanical properties
Fracture toughness
Polycrystalline graphene
Other properties
Thermal conductivity
Chemical properties
Biological properties
Support substrate
Graphene layers and structural variants
Monolayer sheets
Bilayer graphene
Turbostratic
Graphene superlattices
Nanostructured graphene forms
Graphene nanoribbons
Graphene quantum dots
Modified and functionalized graphene
Graphene oxide
Chemical modification
Graphene ligand/complex
Advanced graphene structures
Graphene fiber
3D graphene
Pillared graphene
Reinforced graphene
Molded graphene
Specialized graphene configurations
Graphene aerogel
Graphene nanocoil
Crumpled graphene
Mechanical synthesis
Bottom-up and top-down methods
Micro-mechanical cleavage
Exfoliation techniques
Mechanical exfoliation
Liquid phase exfoliation
Exfoliation with supercritical carbon dioxide
Splitting monolayer carbon allotropes
Chemical synthesis
Graphite oxide reduction
Molten salts
Electrochemical synthesis
Hydrothermal self-assembly
Sodium ethoxide pyrolysis
Microwave-assisted oxidation
Thermal decomposition of silicon carbide
Vapor deposition and growth techniques
Chemical vapor deposition
Epitaxy
Metal substrates
Roll-to-roll
Cold wall
Wafer scale CVD graphene
Solvent interface trapping method (SITM)
Carbon dioxide reduction
Supersonic spray
Laser
Flash Joule heating
Ion implantation
CMOS-compatible graphene
Simulation
Graphene analogs
Applications
Toxicity
See also
References
External links

Commonly known types of carbon are diamond and graphite. In 1947, the Canadian physicist P. R. Wallace suggested carbon could also exist in sheets. The German chemist Hanns-Peter Boehm and coworkers isolated single sheets from graphite, giving them the name graphene in 1986. In 2004, the material was characterized by Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester, England. They received the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics for their experiments.