neurosurgery

Neurosurgery or/and neurological surgery, also known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty that focuses on the surgical treatment or rehabilitation of disorders that affect any portion of the nervous system, including the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system, and cerebrovascular system. Neurosurgery as a medical specialty also includes non-surgical management of some neurological conditions.

==Education and context== In different countries, there are different requirements for an individual to legally practice neurosurgery, and there are varying methods through which they must be educated. In most countries, neurosurgeon training requires a minimum period of seven years after graduating from medical school. === Canada=== In Canada, neurosurgery residency is overseen by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC). To qualify, candidates must hold a Doctor of Medicine (M.D.) degree and be licensed physicians. The residency program lasts six years, often with one year of mandatory research, as in the University of Calgary, and it comprises two years of Surgical Foundations and four years of specialized neurosurgery training. Admission is facilitated through the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS), which matches candidates to programs based on academic credentials, interviews, and references. Training requirements and certification processes differ slightly in Quebec, where the Quebec College of Physicians (CMQ) collaborates with RCPSC, but has French-language proficiency requirement and has a different application procedure. Upon completion, residents take the RCPSC examination to earn the Fellowship of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (FRCSC) designation.