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nuclear winter
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Nuclear winter is a hypothetical scenario in which a large-scale nuclear war would loft so much soot and ash into the atmosphere that it would block sunlight, causing dramatic drops in temperature and sunlight across the globe. This matters because such conditions could severely damage agriculture and ecosystems worldwide, potentially threatening human survival even for people far from the conflict zones.
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Encyclopedic overview
Pyrocumulonimbus cloud formed by the firestorm following the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, 1945. Nuclear winter effects are triggered by at least a hundred such city firestorms.
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Excerpted from Wikipedia’s “nuclear winter” article, available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 licence.