Opiliones
Also known as harvestmen, daddy longlegs, granddaddy longlegs, opilionid, opilionids
The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, daddy long legs, or granddaddy long legs. Over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014.
AI overview
Opiliones, commonly called harvestmen or daddy long-legs, are arachnids (relatives of spiders and scorpions) with over 6,650 known species worldwide, though the actual total may exceed 10,000. They matter as a diverse and widespread group of predatory arthropods that play ecological roles in ecosystems, and their variety—organized into five suborders—makes them important subjects for understanding arachnid evolution and biodiversity.
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Species
ザトウムシ目
Opiliones
ORDER
- KingdomAnimalia
- PhylumArthropoda
- ClassArachnida
- OrderOpiliones
盲蛛目（英文：Opiliones）是蛛形綱跑足亚纲以下的一個目。至2017年4月時，共發現了超過6,650種，[1]不過科學家估計現存種類可能超過10,000種。[2]盲蛛目底下共包含5個亞目：柄眼亞目（盲蛛目）（英语：Cyphophthalmi）[3]、開氣門亞目（英语：Eupnoi）[3]、閉氣門亞目（英语：Dyspnoi）[3]、強肢亞目（英语：Laniatores）與最近命名的Tetrophthalmi（英语：Tetrophthalmi）。[4] 目前所知的盲蛛遍布於南極洲之外的全世界，而已知保存最完整的化石發現於地質年代約4億年的蘇格蘭萊尼燧石層（英语：Rhynie chert），而在地層年代3億5百萬年前的法國也有發現到外型與現存種類外型相差無幾的樣本，這代表盲蛛自石炭紀以來外型就沒有太大的變化。[5] 盲蛛的外型類似蜘蛛，尤其是同樣擁有細長腿的幽靈蛛科，但是在分類上其與同樣為跑足亞綱的蠍子親緣關係較近。蜘蛛的身體可分為腹部與頭胸部兩個部分，而盲蛛的頭胸部和腹部之間則沒有明顯的腹柄。盲蛛僅有一對眼，而蜘蛛多半有3至4對，同樣具有視力功能。此外，盲蛛並不吐絲也不具有毒液。 盲蛛英文常被稱為「harvestmen（收割者）」或是「daddy longlegs（長腿爸爸）」，不過「daddy longlegs」也被用來稱呼同樣擁有細長腿的幽靈蛛科以及大蚊科。 行為 正在啃食石龍子尾巴的盲蛛 一隻Protolophus（英语：Protolophus） sp.正在清理牠的步足 被蟎所寄生的盲蛛 盲蛛的群聚行為 盲蛛多半為雜食動物，以小型昆蟲、植物以及真菌為食；部分種類為食腐動物，以動物屍體、鳥屎或其他糞便排泄物為食。盲蛛廣泛的食性在蛛形綱中並不尋常，因為大部分的蛛形綱成員均為純粹的肉食性掠食者。盲蛛多半採伏擊型策略捕捉獵物。盲蛛的眼睛無法形成影像，因此牠們依靠第二對步足作為觸角來感測周遭環境。但其他蛛形綱成員不同的是，盲蛛進食的方式與蜘蛛不同，不採用體外消化而是直接將獵物咀嚼成碎片後食用，也因此牠們很容易受到體內寄生蟲（例如簇蟲（英语：Gregarinasina））的感染[2]。盲蛛會在進食後利用口器清理自己的每一根步足。 盲蛛多半透過有性生殖繁殖，少數種則有單性生殖的能力。盲蛛的交配採直接交尾的形式而非透過精包。在交尾前，部分種類的雄盲蛛會將自己螯肢的分泌物作為求偶贈禮（英语：nuptial gift）送給雌盲蛛。在交尾後，部分種類的雄盲蛛會保衛雌盲蛛。某些種類的雄盲蛛在交尾後會重複去刺激雌盲蛛的第二對感知步足，這個行為被科學家認為是雄盲蛛想要傳遞給雌盲蛛試圖交尾第二次的訊號[6]。 在交尾後數個月，雌盲蛛會透過產卵管產卵，部分種類更會築巢。十分特別的是，有些雄盲蛛會進行護卵，防止飢餓的雌性食卵，並且定時會去清理卵的表側[7]。根據環境溫度的不同，卵會在
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29 sectionsContents
- Description
- Behavior
- Antipredator defences
- Primary defences
- Crypsis
- Aposematism and mimicry
- Secondary defences
- Thanatosis
- Freezing
- Bobbing
- Autotomy
- Fleeing
- Stridulation
- Retaliation
- Chemical
- Endangered status
- Misconception
- Research
- Phylogeny
- Systematics
- Fossil record
- Paleozoic
- Described species
- Mesozoic
- Cenozoic
- Etymology
- Further internal navigation links
- References
- External links
The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids, colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, daddy long legs, or granddaddy long legs. Over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of extant species may exceed 10,000. The order Opiliones includes five suborders: Cyphophthalmi, Eupnoi, Dyspnoi, Laniatores, and Tetrophthalmi, which were named in 2014.
Representatives of each extant suborder can be found on all continents except Antarctica.