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Ornithurae
Also known as Ornithurine, Ornithurines, Ornithuran, Ornithurans
Ornithurae (meaning "bird tails" in Greek) is a natural group that includes modern birds and their very close relatives such as the ichthyornithines and the hesperornithines. This clade is defined in the PhyloCode by Juan Benito and colleagues in 2022 as "the smallest clade containing Ichthyornis dispar, Hesperornis regalis, and Vultur gryphus".
Species
扇尾類（學名：Ornithurae）是生存於中生代北美洲、歐洲及亞洲的一類陸生及不會飛的鳥。 恩斯特·海克爾（Ernst Haeckel）於1866年開始使用扇尾亞綱這個名字，包含所有具有現存鳥類尾巴特徵的鳥類。故此，擁有像獸腳亞目恐龍長尾巴的始祖鳥是與它們有所分別的。 嘉克斯·高斯特（Jacques Gauthier）後來將扇尾亞綱轉為一個分支，即比始祖鳥較為接近現存鳥類的分支，如魚鳥及黃昏鳥目。他繼而定義鳥類尾巴為比股骨短的尾巴，尾綜骨呈鏵狀及由少於6節的尾巴脊骨融合在一起，且比活動部份為短。他進一步將鳥類的冠群、魚鳥、黃昏鳥目及神翼鳥分類到扇尾亞綱中。 今鳥亞綱最初被建議用來取代扇尾亞綱的。不過，高斯特卻認為今鳥亞綱只是扇尾亞綱的次異名。另外，一些學者卻將扇尾亞綱看為一個較為限制的分支，當中以黃昏鳥、魚鳥及現存鳥類為基干。 朱莉亞·克萊克博士（Dr. Julia Clarke）發現義縣鳥、松嶺鳥及燕鳥是扇尾亞綱的最基群。他發現這個基群同時擁有較原始及進化的特徵。原始的特徵包括胃骨片及恥骨聯合。他也發現義縣鳥的模式標本保存有特長的飛羽，且排列與現今的相同。
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Article
3 sectionsContents
- Classification
- Relationships
- References
Ornithurae (meaning "bird tails" in Greek) is a natural group that includes modern birds and their very close relatives such as the ichthyornithines and the hesperornithines. This clade is defined in the PhyloCode by Juan Benito and colleagues in 2022 as "the smallest clade containing Ichthyornis dispar, Hesperornis regalis, and Vultur gryphus".
==Classification== Ernst Haeckel coined the name in 1866 and included in the group all "true birds" with the "characteristic tail morphology of all extant birds" (translation by Jacques Gauthier). This distinguishes the group from Archaeopteryx, which Haeckel placed in another new group called Sauriurae. Said simply, modern birds have short, fused pygostyle tails, while Archaeopteryx retained the long tail characteristic of non-avian theropod dinosaurs.