penicillin

Also known as pen, PCN, penicillin antibiotic, penicillins

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Key facts

Drug.image: Penicillin core.svg
Drug.image_class: skin-invert-image
Drug.caption: Penicillin core structure, where "R" is the variable group
Drug.pregnancy_US: B
Drug.legal_status: Rx-only
Drug.routes_of_administration: Intravenous, intramuscular, by mouth
Drug.metabolism: Liver
Drug.elimination_half life: Between 0.5 and 56 hours
Drug.excretion: Kidneys
Drug.ATC_prefix: J01C

via Wikipedia infobox

Research

123,532 papers

Penicillin allergy.The American journal of medicine · 1963PARKER CWDOI: 10.1016/0002-9343(63)90083-4
Penicillin vs. erythromycin in the treatment of diphtheria.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 1998Kneen R, Pham NG, Solomon T et al.DOI: 10.1086/514959
[Current penicillin therapy of syphilis from a critical viewpoint].ReviewZeitschrift fur arztliche Fortbildung · 1971Kern A, Sönnichsen N
[Structure-activity relationships of penicillin G to tricyclic beta-lactams].ReviewPharmazie in unserer Zeit · 2006Holzgrabe UDOI: 10.1002/pauz.200600186
Treatment outcomes with benzylpenicillin and non-benzylpenicillin antibiotics, and the performance of the penicillin zone-edge test versus molecular detection of blaZ in penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (PSSA) bacteraemia.The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy · 2023Mok HT, Teng CB, Bergin S et al.DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad263
A Chimeric Penicillin Binding Protein 2X Significantly Decreases in Vitro Beta-Lactam Susceptibility and Increases in Vivo Fitness of Streptococcus pyogenes.The American journal of pathology · 2022Olsen RJ, Zhu L, Mangham RE et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.06.011
Treatment outcome with penicillin G or cloxacillin in penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: a retrospective cohort study.International journal of antimicrobial agents · 2022Hagstrand Aldman M, Kavyani R, Kahn F et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2022.106567
Penicillin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid and serum after intramuscular, intravenous, and oral administration to syphilitic patients.Acta dermato-venereologica · 1983Löwhagen GB, Brorson JE, Kaijser B

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Wikidata facts

Show 4 more facts

Commons category: Penicillin antibiotics
time of discovery or invention: 1928-09-28
isomeric SMILES: [H][C@]12SC(C)(C)[C@@H](N1C(=O)[C@H]2NC([*])=O)C(O)=O
native label: penicillin

Sources (4)

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~45 min read

Article

35 sections

Contents

Nomenclature
Penicillin units
Types
Natural penicillins
Semi-synthetic penicillin
Antibiotics created from 6-APA
Antistaphylococcal antibiotics
Broad-spectrum antibiotics
Antipseudomonal antibiotics
Carboxypenicillins
Ureidopenicillins
β-lactamase inhibitors
Medical usage
Penicillin G
Penicillin V
Bacterial susceptibility
Side effects
Structure
Pharmacology
Entry into bacteria
Mechanism of action
Pharmacokinetics
Resistance
History
Discovery
Development and medical application
Mass production
Structure determination and total synthesis
Developments from penicillin
Production
Biosynthesis
See also
References
Further reading
External links

Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens. Most penicillins in clinical use are synthesised by P. chrysogenum using deep tank fermentation and then purified. A number of natural penicillins have been discovered, but only two purified compounds are in clinical use: penicillin G (intramuscular or intravenous use) and penicillin V (given by mouth). Penicillins were among the first medications to be effective against many bacterial infections caused by staphylococci and streptococci. They are still widely used today for various bacterial infections, though many types of bacteria have developed resistance following extensive use.

In the United States, 10% of the population claims penicillin allergies, but because the frequency of positive skin test results decreases by 10% with each year of avoidance, 90% of these patients can eventually tolerate penicillin. Additionally, those with penicillin allergies can usually tolerate cephalosporins (another group of β-lactam) because the immunoglobulin E (IgE) cross-reactivity is only 3%.