Protestant Reformation
Also known as Reformation
The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation, was a time of major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church hierarchy. Towards the end of the Renaissance, the Reformation marked the beginning of Protestantism. It is considered one of the events that signified the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe.
AI overview
The Protestant Reformation was a 16th-century religious movement in Europe that challenged the authority of the Catholic Church and the pope, ultimately giving rise to Protestantism. It matters because historians consider it one of the major events that marked the transition from the Middle Ages to the early modern period in Europe.
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Article
86 sectionsContents
- Terminology
- Background
- Calamities
- Late Medieval Christianity
- Lay community
- Sources of authority
- Clergy
- Papacy
- Partial and failed institutional reforms
- Humanism
- Dissidents
- Beginnings
- Luther and the ''Ninety-five Theses''
- New theology
- Spread
- Printing
- Preachers
- Cities
- Conflict and Control
- Resistance and oppression
- Alternatives
- Saxon radicals and rebellious knights
- Zwingli
- Swiss Brethren
- Peasants' War
- Consolidation
- Princely Reformation in Germany
- Stalemate in Switzerland
- ''Schleitheim Articles''
- Confessions
- Royal Reformation in Scandinavia
- Catholic reform
- Beginnings
- New Orders
- Council of Trent
- New waves
- English reformation under Henry VIII
- Münster
- Calvin and the ''Institutes of the Christian Religion''
- Reformation in Britain
- Servetus and the ''Restoration of Christianity''
- Wars of religion and tolerance
- Schmalkaldic Wars
- French Wars of Religion
- Revolt in the Netherlands
- Edict of Torda
- Warsaw Confederation
- Regional conflicts {{anchor |Counter-Reformation and regional conflicts}}
- Reformation outside Germany
- Nordic countries
- Iceland
- Great Britain
- England
- English North America
- Wales
- Scotland
- France
- Spain
- Italy
- Slovenia
- Greece
- Spread
- Conclusion and legacy
- Thirty Years' War: 1618–1648
- Consequences of the Reformation
- Radical Reformation
- Literacy
- Outcomes
- Human capital formation
- Protestant ethic {{anchor|Protestant work ethic}}
- Economic development
- Modern states
- World demographics
- Other outcomes
- Historiography
- Music and art
- See also
- Notes
- References
- Bibliography
- Further reading
- Surveys
- Theology
- Primary sources in translation
- Historiography
- External links
The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation or the European Reformation, was a time of major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church hierarchy. Towards the end of the Renaissance, the Reformation marked the beginning of Protestantism. It is considered one of the events that signified the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the early modern period in Europe.
The Reformation is usually dated from Martin Luther's publication of the Ninety-five Theses in 1517, which gave birth to Lutheranism. Prior to Martin Luther and other Protestant Reformers, there were earlier reform movements within Western Christianity. The end of the Reformation era is disputed among modern scholars.