Provora

Microbial predators form a new supergroup of eukaryotes In the format provided by the authors and unedited Nature www.nature.com/nature Supplementary information Supplementary Discussion 1 2 Morphological and phylogenetic data for the isolated clones allow us to recognize three new 3 genera: a new genus Ubysseya with one new species, a new genus Nibbleromonas with four new 4 species, and a new genus Nebulomonas with one species. The Ubysseya and Nibbleromonas 5 species form a well-supported group, which we name Nibbleridia, while Nebulomonas groups with 6 the previously described Ancoracysta twista 3 , forming another novel group, which we name 7 Nebulidia. Nibbleridia and Nebulidia form a strongly supported monophyletic group, termed here 8 Provora (devouring voracious protists). 9 The independent branching position of Provora and unique morphology of provorans 10 strongly suggest recognition of a novel eukaryotic supergroup. The phylogenetic position of 11 Provora found here via multigene analysis makes it equivalent in rank to the major supergroups of 12 eukaryotes. So, here we formally create a name Provora for new supra-kingdom-level group of 13 eukaryotes to accommodate the newly described diversity of flagellated protists. 14 Supergroup Provora includes two groups Nibbleridia and Nebulidia, classified here as 15 novel phyla. We also established the new family Nibbleridae, order Nibbleridida, and class 16 Nibbleridea as well as the new family Nebulidae, order Nebulidida, and class Nebulidea to avoid 17 future taxonomical confusion based on the likelihood that other representatives of Nibbleridia 18 and Nebulidia with different morphology and molecular phylogenetic placement will be 19 discovered. 20 Taxonomic diagnoses of the newly described taxa are given below. 21 22 Taxonomic summary 23 Provora nom. nov. Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 24 Assignment. Eukaryota 25 26 The least inclusive clade containing Nibbleromonas quarantinus Tikhonenkov, Belyaev, 27 Karpov, Zagumyonnyi, Borodina, Prokina, et Keeling 2022, Ubysseya fretuma Tikhonenkov, 28 Belyaev, Karpov, Zagumyonnyi, Borodina, Prokina, et Keeling 2022 (both Nibbleridia) and 29 Nebulomonas marisrubri (Mylnikov and Tikhonenkov 2009) Tikhonenkov, Belyaev, Karpov, 30 Zagumyonnyi, Borodina, Prokina, Aleoshin, et Keeling 2022, Ancoracysta twista Janouškovec, 31 Tikhonenkov, Burki, Howe, Rohwer, Mylnikov et Keeling 2017 (both Nebulidia). This is a 32 node-based definition in which all of the specifiers are extant. 33 The apparent composition of Provora is Nibbleridia (Nibbleromonas, Ubysseya) and 34 Nebulidia (Nebulomonas, Ancoracysta) which are represented by free-living eukaryovorous 35 heterotrophic bi-flagellates with ventral groove and extrusomes. 36 Etymology. From Eng. protists, devouring, and voracious, indicating the predatory life 37 style of the representatives. 38 Phylum Nibbleridia nom. nov. Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 39 Assignment. Eukaryota; Provora. 40 Free-living unicellular protists with two subapical heterodynamic acronematic flagella 41 facing to the ventral side and cytostomal ventral groove. Flagella originate from the separate 42 flagellar pockets above the ventral groove. Posterior flagellum bears two opposite longitudinal 43 folds. Cell coverings are complex and multilayered with alveolar vesicles. Extrusive organelles 44 of trichocyst type. Mitochondria with tubular to sac-like cristae. Predators, capture eukaryotic 45 prey. 46 Class Nibbleridea cl. nov. Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 47 Order Nibbleridida ord. nov. Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 48 Family Nibbleridae fam. nov. Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 49 urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 9EE01A01-E294-415B-A36F-0FB4373183D0 50 Diagnoses as for phylum Nibbleridia. 51 Type genus Nibbleromonas. 52 Nibbleromonas gen. nov. Tikhonenkov et al. 2022 53 Assignment. Eukaryota; Provora; Nibbleridia; Nibbleridea; Nibbleridida; Nibbleridae 54 Diagnosis. Fast swimming sickle-shaped flagellates with distinct thorn under the ventral 55 groov