superplasticity

In materials science, superplasticity is a state in which solid crystalline material is deformed well beyond its usual breaking point, usually over about 400% during tensile deformation. Such a state is usually achieved at high homologous temperature. Examples of superplastic materials are some fine-grained metals and ceramics. Other non-crystalline materials (amorphous) such as silica glass ("molten glass") and polymers also deform similarly, but are not called superplastic, because they are not crystalline; rather, their deformation is often described as Newtonian fluid. Superplastically deformed material gets thinner in a very uniform manner, rather than forming a "neck" (a local narrowing) that leads to fracture. Also, the formation of microvoids, which is another cause of early fracture, is inhibited. Superplasticity must not be confused with superelasticity.

== Historical developments of superplasticity == Some evidence of superplastic-like flow in metals has been found in some artifacts, such as in Wootz steels in ancient India, even though superplasticity was first scientific recognition in the twentieth century in the report on 163% elongation in brass by Bengough in 1912. Later, Jenkins' higher elongation of 300% in Cd–Zn and Pb–Sn alloys in 1928. However, those works did not go further to set a new phenomenon of mechanical properties of materials. Until the work of Pearson was published in 1934, a significant elongation of 1950% was found in Pb–Sn eutectic alloy. It was easy to become the most extensive elongation report in scientific investigation at this time. There was no further interest in superplasticity in the Western World for more than 25 years after Pearson's effort. Later, Bochvar and Sviderskaya continued superplasticity in the Soviet Union with many publications on Zn–Al alloys. A research institute focused on superplasticity, the Institute of Metals Superplasticity Problems, was established in 1985 in Ufa City, Russia. This institute has remained the only global institute to work exclusively to research in superplasticity. The interest in superplasticity rose in 1982 when the first major international conference on 'Superplasticity in Structural Materials, edited by Paton and Hamilton, was held in San Diego. From there, numerous investigations have been published with considerable results. Superplasticity is now the background for superplastic deformation forming as an essential aerospace application technique.