technosphere

The technosphere can be considered one of the spheres of the Earth, like the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, pedosphere and biosphere. It includes all non-living human creations, such as buildings, roads, vehicles, power plants, electricity grids, agricultural machinery, books and computers.

== History == The term technosphere was first used to refer to the global assemblage of human constructions in a 1960 article by Wil Lepowski. The term was subsequently used by Canadian systems engineer John Milsum in a 1968 article and shortly thereafter by biologist Julian Huxley in a newspaper article reflecting on the first human landing on the moon. None of these writings carefully defined the term, but it was apparently intended to refer to the planetary-scale assemblage of human constructions, in a holistic sense, as a parallel system to the biosphere.