History of neuroscience

Russian physiologist (1849-1936)

Italian physicist, chemist, and pioneer of electricity and power (1745-1827)

Spanish scientist (1852-1934)

Italian physician, pathologist, scientist, and Nobel laureate (1843-1926)

Italian physician, physicist, and philosopher

Hungarian physicist (1899–1972)

thumb|Phrenological skull, European, 19th century. Wellcome Collection, London

American neuroscientist

Swedish neuroscientist

structures of the brain

Canadian neurophysiologist

Czech biologist, physiologist, doctor, inventor and politician (1787–1869)

Trepanning, also known as trepanation, trephination, trephining or making a burr hole (the verb trepan derives from Old French from Medieval Latin from Greek , literally "borer, auger"), is a surgical intervention in which a hole is drilled or scraped into the human skull. The intentional perforation of the cranium exposes the dura mater to treat health problems related to intracranial diseases or release pressured blood buildup from an injury. It may also refer to any "burr" hole created through other body surfaces, including nail beds. A trephine is an instrument used for cutting out a round

French physician, anatomist and anthropologist (1824-1880)

German physiologist, comparative anatomist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist (1801-1858)

19th century American railway worker who survived a large brain trauma

Herophilos (; ; 335–280 BC), sometimes Latinised Herophilus, was a Greek physician regarded as one of the earliest anatomists. Born in Chalcedon, he spent the majority of his life in Alexandria. He was the first scientist to systematically perform scientific dissections of human cadavers. He recorded his findings in over nine works, which are now all lost. The early Christian author Tertullian states that Herophilos vivisected at least 600 prisoners; however, this account has been disputed by many historians. He is often seen as the father of anatomy.

neuroanatomist, physiologist, and pioneer in the study of the localization of mental functions in the brain (1758-1828)

Canadian neuroscientist (1904–1985)

French neurologist (1857-1932)

Erasistratus (; ; c. 304 – c. 250 BC) was a Greek anatomist and royal physician under Seleucus I Nicator of Syria. Along with fellow physician Herophilus, he founded a school of anatomy in Alexandria, where they carried out anatomical research. As well, he is credited with helping to found the methodic school of teachings of medicine in Alexandria whilst opposing traditional humoral theories of Hippocratic ideologies. Together with Herophilus, he is credited by historians as the potential founder of neuroscience due to his acknowledgements of nerves and their roles in motor control through the

Swiss anatomist, physiologist (1817–1905)

German physician and neuropathologist (1848–1905)

German neurologist (1873–1941)

German neurologist (1868–1918)

American mass murderer and spree killer; perpetrator of the University of Texas Tower shooting (1941–1966)

preserved brain of scientist Albert Einstein

Russian and Soviet surgeon, founder of Russian neurosurgery (1876-1946)

Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens was a french physiologist, the first to demonstrate the function of most of the vertebrates central nervous system. (1794-1867)

Mauritian physiologist and neurologist (1817–1894)

German neuroscientist (1860-1919)

right|200px|thumb|A human skull and measurement device from 1902

French neurologist (1806–1875)

British neurologist and psychologist (1843–1928)

German neuroscientist (1836-1921)

Italian neurologist (1877–1963)

English biologist (1813–1885)

German physician and phrenologist (1776-1832)

French neurologist (1877–1959)

silver staining technique for visualizing nervous tissue under light microscopy

Italian anatomist

French neurosurgeon

Colombian neuroscientifico

Polish neurologist (1868–1932)

concept that the nervous system is made up of discrete individual cells

American psychologist (1922–1976)

1994 book by Antonio Damasio

hypothetical stone in medieval folklore

British neuroscientist (1790–1857)

psychiatrist (1883-1980)

17 macaques kept (1981–1991) in the Institute for Behavioral Research, Silver Spring, Md., US, whose afferent ganglia were cut and whose arms were restrained to study neuroplasticity; caused a criminal prosecution for animal cruelty with a $3000 fine

Yugoslavian-American neuroscientist

In neurology, the Bereitschaftspotential or BP (German for "readiness potential"), also called the pre-motor potential or readiness potential (RP), is a measure of activity in the motor cortex and supplementary motor area of the brain leading up to voluntary muscle movement. The BP is a manifestation of cortical contribution to the pre-motor planning of volitional movement. It was first recorded and reported in 1964 by Hans Helmut Kornhuber and Lüder Deecke at the University of Freiburg in Germany. In 1965 the full publication appeared after many control experiments.

painting by André Brouillet

Polish neurologist (1852–1932)

Spanish physician

US neuroscientist and author (1900–1974)