Spanish colonization of the Americas

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country in the Caribbean. It comprises the eponymous main island as well as 4,195 islands, islets, and cays. Situated at the convergence of the Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, and Atlantic Ocean, Cuba is located east of the Yucatán Peninsula, south of both Florida and the Bahamas, west of Hispaniola, and north of Jamaica and the Cayman Islands. Havana is the largest city and capital. Cuba is the third-most populous country in the Caribbean after Haiti and Dominican Republic, with about 10 million inhabitants. It is the largest country in the C

Dominican Republic is a country on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles of the Caribbean Sea in the North Atlantic Ocean. It shares a maritime border with Puerto Rico to the east and a land border with Haiti to the west, occupying the eastern five-eighths of Hispaniola which, along with Saint Martin, is one of only two islands in the Caribbean shared by two sovereign states. In the Antilles, the country is the second-largest nation by area after Cuba at 48,671 square kilometers (18,792 sq mi) and second-largest by population after Haiti with approximately 11.4 million people in 2024, of whom 3.6 million reside in the metropolitan area of Santo Domingo, the capital city.

Puerto Rico, officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, is a self-governing Caribbean archipelago and island organized as an unincorporated territory of the United States under the designation of commonwealth. It is located between the Dominican Republic in the Greater Antilles and the U.S. Virgin Islands in the Lesser Antilles. Located about 1,000 miles (1,600 km) southeast of Miami, Florida, it consists of the eponymous main island and numerous smaller islands, including Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. With approximately 3.2 million people, it is divided into 78 municipalities, of which the most populous is the capital municipality of San Juan, followed by those within the San Juan metropolitan area. Spanish and English are the official languages of the government, though Spanish predominates.

state of the United States of America

colonial empire governed by Spain between 1492 and 1976

period of European global exploration from early 15th century to 17th century

thumb|right|Hernán Cortés led the [[Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire and expanded the Spanish Empire in the Americas]] thumb|right|Afonso de Albuquerque expanded the [[Portuguese Empire across the Indian Ocean]]

viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire (1535-1821)

treaty dividing territory between Portugal and Spain

title for Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon

thumb|"Roy" Edward III of England|Edward III, King of England. [[Bruges Garter Book.]] A viceroy () is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.

overseas expansion under the Crown of Castile

viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire in the Americas (1717-1819)

Spanish chronicler (1539-1616)

viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire

(1776-1814) Viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire in America

1808–1833 armed conflicts in the Americas between Spain and independence movements

city in Burke County, North Carolina, United States

biological exchange across Atlantic Ocean

thumb|200px|Francisco Hernández Girón was a Spanish encomendero in the [[Viceroyalty of Peru who protested the New Laws in 1553. These laws, passed in 1542 but repealed in 1545, gave certain rights to indigenous peoples and protected them against abuses. Drawing by Felipe Guamán Poma de Ayala.]]

thumb|right|Túpac Amaru II, an Andean cacique who led a 1781 rebellion against Spanish rule in Peru thumb|Cangapol, chief of the Tehuelches, 18th century.

historical documentary archive located in Seville, Spain

thumb|right|250px|Hacienda Lealtad is a working coffee hacienda which used slave labor in the 19th century, located in [[Lares, Puerto Rico.]]

Royal Spanish trading ships, 1565–1815

former Spanish possession in North America (1513–1763, 1783–1821)

convoy system used by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790

Spanish conquistador, younger paternal half-brother of Francisco Pizarro

Incan scholar and noble

Catholic missionary initiative and set of missions in Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil

Spanish conquistador

Adelantado (, , ; meaning 'advanced') was a title held by some Spanish nobles in service of their respective kings during the Middle Ages. It was later used as a military title held by some Spanish conquistadores of the 15th, 16th and 17th centuries.

papal bull by Alexander VI (4 May 1493) which granted to the Catholic Kings Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile all lands to the "west and south" of a line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or of Cape Verde

historic site in the Dominican Republic

1864–1866 war in South America with Spain fighting against Chile, Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia

Venezuela and Colombia in the Spanish Empire (1538-1717)

Spanish possession in the Caribbean between 1492-1898

maritime trade house at Seville in Spain during the Age of Exploration

region

Spanish 1541-1818 possession in South America

province of New Spain

signed by Spain and Portugal on 1750, concerning their empires and status of their territories of what is now Brazil

Region of western North America

Spanish 1888 América

1777 treaty between Spain and Portugal

Basque explorer and governor (1736-1788)

city founded in 1510 during the Spanish colonization

patriarchate of the Roman Catholic Church

administrative organ of the Spanish Empire

research and philanthropic expedition

set of economic and political legislation promulgated by the Spanish Crown under various kings of the House of Bourbon, mainly in the 18th century

fort on the northeast coast of Haiti

process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule

moral debate in Spain between 1550–1551 to discuss the rights and treatment of a colonized people by colonizers

governorate of the Spanish Empire

first codified set of laws governing Spaniards in the Americas

National Monument of the United States and historic district

thumb|upright=1.3|. A casta painting showing 16 racial groupings. Anonymous, 18th century, oil on canvas, 148×104 cm, , , Mexico

Indigenous Colombian translator and intermediary

1551 text by Bartolomé de Las Casas

document signed on 1670 between England and Spain.