Bette Nesmith Graham

Bette Nesmith Graham didn’t set out to earn millions: she just needed a way to correct her frequent typing mistakes as a secretary at the Texas Bank & Trust in Dallas in the early 1950s. In the process this single mother invented and patented Liquid Paper, a product that transformed the working lives of millions of typists overnight. Her invention’s effectiveness lies in its simplicity. “Like a safety pin or a rubber band,” she said, “we wonder how we ever got along before without it.” Born Bette Claire McMurray in Dallas on March 23, 1924, she grew up in San Antonio, became a rebellious teenager, and married Warren Nesmith in 1942. The hasty wartime marriage didn’t last, and she found herself after the war struggling to raise her son, Michael, in Dallas. Needing to make ends meet, Bette tabled her aspirations to become an artist, a dream inspired by her mother, who had taught her to paint. She joined a typing pool, then signed on as the executive secretary of the Texas Bank & Trust. Her poor typing skills on the new electric typewriters made her job challenging. Erasing her mistakes didn’t work well, so she decided to cover them up. “I knew that when artists do any lettering, they never correct by erasing,” she said. “They just paint over the error. So I decided to use what they use. I put some white tempera water-based paint in a bottle, took along my watercolor brush, and used that at the office to correct my typing mistakes.” Orders for Liquid Paper started coming in fast. “I would work all day as a secretary and sometimes work all night answering the mail and trying to send the samples,” Bette recalled. That was in 1951. “Because I was correcting my own mistakes, I was quiet about it.” Her boss didn’t seem to mind, but other bank secretaries took notice and eventually asked her for their own supply of the magic fluid. One night in 1956, Bette filled a bottle with the mixture, labeled it “Mistake Out,” and brought it to work next day. Concerned that Mistake Out took too long to dry, she also worked on improving her product. “I started out by going to the library and looking up the formula for tempera water-based paint, which I felt was an ideal pigment and solution formula,” she related in a series of interviews conducted by the University of North Texas Oral History Program in 1977. She worked nights and weekends in her kitchen to refine the formula, working through gallons of water-based paint. She called DuPont and other companies, requesting samples of chemicals she believed might help with drying time and absorbency. She wasn’t a chemist, so she “made lots of mistakes,” including setting her kitchen on fire. Her son’s chemistry teacher taught her a few things. A local paint company employee showed her how to grind and mix paint. By this time she was working for IBM. She wrote to company headquarters. They asked her to further refine the formula. Instead, she decided to market it herself. Bette made sales calls to office supply stores in Texas. She bought fingernail polish bottles, then hired son Michael and his friends at $1 an hour to fill them in the kitchen. (Michael Nesmith later found more lucrative work as a musician and member of The Monkees pop rock group.) Bette renamed her product Liquid Paper in 1958, the year that the trade magazine Office included Graham’s invention in a list of new products. Some 500 readers wrote her for more information. “As you can see, I could have used Liquid Paper for this letter,” read one error-ridden missive. The young businesswoman found it increasingly difficult to balance her day job with her freelance manufacturing career. “I would work all day as a secretary and sometimes work all night answering the mail and trying to send the samples, and once in a while I’d get an order for 12 bottles,” she recalled. Then one day, preparing a letter for IBM during her day job, she typed in “The Mistake Out Company” at the end. That mistake cost her the job. Her company continued