chloroplast

Also known as chloroplasts, GO:0009507

AI overview

A chloroplast is a structure found in plant and algal cells that captures sunlight energy using green chlorophyll pigments and converts it into chemical energy while releasing oxygen. This chemical energy is then used to create sugar, which serves as food for the plant.

AI-generated from the Wikipedia summary — may contain errors.

Research

49,385 papers

Chloroplast ion homeostasis - what do we know and where should we go?ReviewThe New phytologist · 2024Kunz HH, Armbruster U, Mühlbauer S et al.DOI: 10.1111/nph.19661
Proteomic dissection of the chloroplast: Moving beyond photosynthesis.ReviewJournal of proteomics · 2020Lande NV, Barua P, Gayen D et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103542
Linking mitochondrial and chloroplast retrograde signalling in plants.ReviewPhilosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2020Wang Y, Selinski J, Mao C et al.DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0410
Co-regulation of mitochondrial and chloroplast function: Molecular components and mechanisms.ReviewPlant communications · 2023He C, Berkowitz O, Hu S et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100496
Roles of Chloroplast Retrograde Signals and Ion Transport in Plant Drought Tolerance.ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2018Zhao C, Haigh AM, Holford P et al.DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040963
Chloroplast-to-nucleus communication: current knowledge, experimental strategies and relationship to drought stress signaling.ReviewPlant signaling & behavior · 2010Chan KX, Crisp PA, Estavillo GM et al.DOI: 10.4161/psb.5.12.13758
Chloroplast redox state changes mark cell-to-cell signaling in the hypersensitive response.The New phytologist · 2023Lukan T, Županič A, Mahkovec Povalej T et al.DOI: 10.1111/nph.18425
Efficient photosynthesis in dynamic light environments: a chloroplast's perspective.ReviewThe Biochemical journal · 2019Kaiser E, Correa Galvis V, Armbruster UDOI: 10.1042/BCJ20190134

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Wikidata facts

Image: Plagiomnium affine laminazellen.jpeg

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Commons category: Chloroplasts
exact match: purl.obolibrary.org/obo/GO_0009507

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~94 min read

Article

84 sections

Contents

Discovery and etymology
Endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts
Primary endosymbiosis
Secondary and tertiary endosymbiosis
Primary chloroplast lineages
Glaucophyte chloroplasts
Rhodophyta (red chloroplasts)
Chloroplastida (green chloroplasts)
''Paulinella chromatophora''
Secondary and tertiary chloroplast lineages
Green algal derived chloroplasts
Euglenophytes
Chlorarachniophytes
Prasinophyte-derived chloroplast
Tripartite symbiosis
Red algal derived chloroplasts
Cryptophytes
Haptophytes
Stramenopiles <span style="font-weight: 400;">(heterokontophytes)</span>
Apicomplexans, chromerids, and dinophytes
Apicomplexans
Chromerids
Dinophytes
Haptophyte-derived chloroplasts
Diatom-derived chloroplasts
Kleptoplasty
Cryptophyte-derived dinophyte chloroplast
Chloroplast DNA
Molecular structure
DNA repair and replication
Gene content and protein synthesis
Chloroplast genome reduction and gene transfer
Protein synthesis
Protein targeting and import
Transport proteins and membrane translocons
Structure
Outer chloroplast membrane
Intermembrane space and peptidoglycan wall
Inner chloroplast membrane
Peripheral reticulum
Stroma
Chloroplast ribosomes
Plastoglobuli
Starch granules
RuBisCO
Pyrenoids
Thylakoid system
Thylakoid structure
Thylakoid composition
Pigments and chloroplast colors
Chlorophylls
Carotenoids
Phycobilins
Specialized chloroplasts in {{C4}} plants
Function and chemistry
Guard cell chloroplasts
Plant innate immunity
Photosynthesis
Light reactions
Energy carriers
Photophosphorylation
NADP<sup>+</sup> reduction
Cyclic photophosphorylation
Dark reactions
Carbon fixation and G3P synthesis
Sugars and starches
Photorespiration
pH
Amino acid synthesis
Other nitrogen compounds
Other chemical products
Location
Distribution in a plant
Cellular location
Chloroplast movement
Differentiation, replication, and inheritance
Plastid interconversion
Division
Regulation
Chloroplast inheritance
Transplastomic plants
Footnotes
References
External links

thumb|upright=1.35|Structure of a typical higher-plant chloroplast. The green chlorophyll is contained in stacks of disk-like [[thylakoids.]] thumb|upright=1.35|Chloroplasts, containing thylakoids, visible in the cells of Rosulabryum capillare, a type of [[moss]] A chloroplast ( ) is a type of organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which capture the energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy and release oxygen. The chemical energy created is then used to make sugar and other organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process called the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one, in some unicellular algae, up to 100 in plants like Arabidopsis and wheat.

Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within cells. Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity. Chloroplasts cannot be made anew by the plant cell and must be inherited by each daughter cell during cell division, which is thought to be inherited from their ancestor—an ancient photosynthetic cyanobacterium that was engulfed by an early eukaryotic cell.