dmesg

dmesg (diagnostic messages) is a command on most Unix-like operating systems that prints the message buffer of the kernel. The output includes messages produced by the device drivers.

==Booting== When initially booted, a computer system loads its kernel into memory. At this stage device drivers present in the kernel are set up to drive relevant hardware. Such drivers, as well as other elements within the kernel, may produce output ("messages") reporting both the presence of modules and the values of any parameters adopted. (It may be possible to specify boot parameters which control the level of detail in the messages.) The booting process typically happens at a speed where individual messages scroll off the top of the screen before an operator can read/digest them. The command allows the review of such messages in a controlled manner after the system has started.