lone pair
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pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom; concept used in valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) which explains the shapes of molecules
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Lone pairs (shown as pairs of dots) in the Lewis structure of hydroxide
In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bond and is sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair. Lone pairs are found in the outermost electron shell of atoms. They can be identified by using a Lewis structure. Electron pairs are therefore considered lone pairs if two electrons are paired but are not used in chemical bonding. Thus, the number of electrons in lone pairs plus the number of electrons in bonds equals the number of valence electrons around an atom.