Members of the Prussian Academy of Sciences

François-Marie Arouet (; 21 November 169430 May 1778), known by his pen name Voltaire (, ; ), was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher (philosophe), satirist, and historian. Famous for his wit and his criticism of Christianity (especially of the Catholic Church) and of slavery, Voltaire was an advocate of freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and separation of church and state.

German philosopher (1724-1804)

Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist (1707–1778)

German mathematician and philosopher (1646–1716)

Swiss mathematician, physicist, and engineer (1707–1783)

Danish physicist (1885–1962)

German theoretical physicist (1858–1947)

Russian chemist (1834–1907)

Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu (18 January 168910 February 1755), generally referred to as simply Montesquieu, was a French judge, intellectual, historian, and political philosopher.

The eighth and greatest Emperor of Russia (r. 1762–1796)

French Enlightenment philosopher writer and encyclopædist (1713–1784)

Prussian geographer, naturalist and explorer (1769-1859)

German theoretical physicist and nobel prize winner (1901–1976)

German classical scholar and historian (1817–1903)

German physician, bacteriologist (1843–1910)

German-Jewish physicist and mathematician (1882-1970)

French mathematician, mechanician, physicist, philosopher and music theorist (1717-1783)

German writer, philosopher, publicist, and art critic (1729-1781)

Mathematician and astronomer (1736–1813)

German philosopher, theologian, poet (1744–1803)

German physicist (1862-1947)

British physicist and engineer (1824–1907)

Prussian philosopher, government official, diplomat, and educator (1767–1835)

German chemist and physicist (1879-1968)

English physicist (1842–1919)

German physicist, Nobel laureate and anti-Nazi (1879–1960)

Baltic German chemist (1853–1932)

German physicist and physiologist (1821-1894)

Irish mathematician and astronomer (1805-1865)

German philologist, linguist, jurist and mythologist (1785–1863)

German physicist, mathematician and chemist (1891-1957)

Danish astronomer (*1644 – †1710)

Dutch-American physicist and physical chemist (1884–1966)

German chemical engineer (1874–1940)

German biochemist (1903-1995)

German Field Marshal (1800–1891)

German mathematician (1804–1851)

German physician and astronomer (1758-1840)

German electrical engineer, inventor and industrialist (1816–1892)

German physicist (1840-1905)

German theologian, philosopher, and biblical scholar (1768-1834)

French writer and philosopher of the enlightenment (1657–1757)

King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1764-1795)

Austrian-German biochemist (1900-1967)

Swiss-American naturalist (1807–1873)

French physician and philosopher

German poet and writer (1733–1813)

German mathematician, physicist and astronomer (1728-1777)

German and Prussian politician (1849–1929)

Swedish scientist (1873-1964)

French mathematician, philosopher and man of letters

Swedish geographer, topographer, explorer, photographer, travel writer and illustrator (1865-1952)

French mathematician (*1667 – †1754)

German author, philologist, collector of fairy tales and legends (1786–1859)

German physicist, astronomer and mathematician (1873–1916)

English mathematician (1821-1895)

English mathematician and astronomer (*1801 – †1892)

French astronomer (*1732 – †1807)

German economist, sociologist, historian (1863-1941)

Prince of Moldavia