ammonia

Also known as azane, hydrogen nitride, nitrogen hydride, ammine, volatile alkali, anhydrous ammonia, ammonia gas

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Chemical data

Formula: H3N
Molecular weight: 17.031 g/mol
IUPAC name: azane
SMILES: N
InChIKey: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
XLogP: -0.7
Polar surface area: 1 Å²
H-bond donors: 1
H-bond acceptors: 1
Formal charge: 0

via PubChem

Research

85,683 papers

Ammonia in liver diseases: A glimpse into the controversies and consensus.ReviewArab journal of gastroenterology : the official publication of the Pan-Arab Association of Gastroenterology · 2024Sarin Zacharia G, Jacob ADOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2024.07.016
Ammonia Measurement in the IVC Microenvironment.ReviewJournal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2019Morrow RB, Wiler RJDOI: 10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-18-000006
Serum Ammonia in Cirrhosis: Clinical Impact of Hyperammonemia, Utility of Testing, and National Testing Trends.ReviewClinical therapeutics · 2022Deutsch-Link S, Moon AM, Jiang Y et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2022.01.008
Ammonia toxicity in fish.ReviewMarine pollution bulletin · 2002Randall DJ, Tsui TKDOI: 10.1016/s0025-326x(02)00227-8
Ammonia and aquatic ecosystems - A review of global sources, biogeochemical cycling, and effects on fish.ReviewThe Science of the total environment · 2024Edwards TM, Puglis HJ, Kent DB et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167911
Symbiotic Ammonia Oxidation in the Marine Environment.ReviewAnnual review of marine science · 2026Thomas T, Garritano ANDOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-040824-032008
Ammonia transport by terrestrial and aquatic insects.ReviewJournal of insect physiology · 2012Weihrauch D, Donini A, O'Donnell MJDOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.11.005
Ammonia metabolism in exercise and fatigue: a review.ReviewMedicine and science in sports and exercise · 1983Mutch BJ, Banister EW

via PubMed

Wikidata facts

Mass: 17.03
Autonomy: 651

Show 25 more facts

Commons category: Ammonia
melting point: -77.74
canonical SMILES: N
boiling point: -33.33
NIOSH Pocket Guide ID: 0028
speed of sound: 415
immediately dangerous to life or health: 300
vapor pressure: 8.5
solubility: 34
lower flammable limit: 15
upper flammable limit: 28
ionization energy: 10.16
time-weighted average exposure limit: 50
short-term exposure limit: 20
pKa: 9.21
minimal lethal dose: 132
chemical formula: NH₃
standard enthalpy of formation: -45.94
density: 0.7625
standard molar entropy: 192.5
electric dipole moment: 1.471
global warming potential: 0
ozone depletion potential: 0
minimal lethal concentration: 3317
median lethal concentration (LC50): 2000

Sources (15)

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~54 min read

Article

61 sections

Contents

Etymology
Natural occurrence (abiological)
Atmospheric occurrence
Reactions of atmospheric ammonia
Properties
Solid
Liquid
Solvent properties <span class="anchor" id="Solvent"></span>
Redox properties of liquid ammonia
Structure
Basicity
Self-dissociation
Combustion
Precursor to organonitrogen compounds
Precursor to inorganic nitrogenous compounds
Reactions relevant to ammonia detection
History
Applications
Fertilizer
Refrigeration–R717
Antimicrobial agent for food products
Fuel
Ships and maritime transport
Vehicles, aviation and space
Power stations
Other
Remediation of gaseous emissions
Stimulant
Textile
Lifting gas
Fuming
Cleaning agent
Safety
Toxicity
Coking wastewater
Aquaculture
Storage information
Laboratory
Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid)
Production
Haber–Bosch
Electrochemical
Biochemistry and medicine
Biosynthesis
Physiology
Excretion
Extraterrestrial occurrence
Interstellar space
Interstellar formation mechanisms
Interstellar destruction mechanisms
Single antenna detections
Interferometric studies
Infrared detections
Observations of nearby dark clouds
UC HII regions
Extragalactic detection
See also
References
Works cited
Further reading
External links

Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula . A stable binary hydride and the simplest pnictogen hydride, ammonia is a colourless gas with a distinctive pungent smell. It is widely used in fertilizers, refrigerants, explosives, cleaning agents, and is a precursor for numerous chemicals. Biologically, it is a common nitrogenous waste, and it contributes significantly to the nutritional needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to fertilisers. Around 70% of ammonia produced industrially is used to make fertilisers in various forms and composition, such as urea and diammonium phosphate. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil.

Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many chemicals. In many countries, it is classified as an extremely hazardous substance. Ammonia is toxic, causing damage to cells and tissues. For this reason it is excreted by most animals in the urine, in the form of dissolved urea.