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Also known as Ge, element 32, 32Ge

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Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Its standard atomic mass is 72.63. The element has an electronegativity of 2.01 and an ionic radius of 0.73. It exhibits oxidation states of -4, -3, -2, and -1. The standard molar entropy of germanium is 31.1, and its electrical conductivity is 2.17.

The element was discovered in 1886. It is referenced by 1,246 other encyclopedia articles. In chemical databases, it is associated with the PubChem CID 6326954 and the InChIKey GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N. The IUPAC name for the element is germanium. It has zero hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, with a topological polar surface area of 0.

Synthesized by Vinony from 26 facts across 4 sources: Wikidata, PubChem, PubMed, Vinony graph. Generated from structured data (not the Wikipedia text) and checked against those facts — may still contain errors.

Chemical data

Formula: Ge
Molecular weight: 72.63 g/mol
IUPAC name: germanium
SMILES: [Ge]
InChIKey: GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Polar surface area: 0 Å²
H-bond donors: 0
H-bond acceptors: 0
Formal charge: 0

via PubChem

Research

7,678 papers

Potential of germanium-based compounds in coronavirus infection.ReviewActa pharmaceutica (Zagreb, Croatia) · 2022Narokha V, Nizhenkovska I, Kuznetsova ODOI: 10.2478/acph-2022-0016
The role of germanium in diseases: exploring its important biological effects.Journal of translational medicine · 2023Luo X, Sun J, Kong D et al.DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04643-0
Germanium in Carbon Fullerenes: Quantum-Chemical Insights into Substitution, Adsorption, and Encapsulation Phenomena.ReviewInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2025Zielińska-Pisklak M, Jakubiec A, Szeleszczuk Ł et al.DOI: 10.3390/ijms262412067
Germanium.Occupational medicine · 1947HUEPER WC
Hazard assessment of germanium supplements.ReviewRegulatory toxicology and pharmacology : RTP · 1997Tao SH, Bolger PMDOI: 10.1006/rtph.1997.1098
History and recent advances in elemental analysis of germanium-based functional materials.ReviewTalanta · 2023Guselnikova TYDOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123792
Recovery technologies for indium, gallium, and germanium from end-of-life products (electronic waste) - A review.ReviewJournal of environmental management · 2023Zheng K, Benedetti MF, van Hullebusch EDDOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119043
Experimental germanium myopathy.Acta neuropathologica · 1991Higuchi I, Takahashi K, Nakahara K et al.DOI: 10.1007/BF00310923

Wikidata facts

Subclass of: covalent network solid
Part of: group 14
Named after: Germany
Material used: fly ash
Mass: 72.63
Image: Germanium element.jpg

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topic's main category: Category:Germanium
described by source: Encyclopædia Britannica 11th edition
atomic number: 32
element symbol: Ge
Commons category: Germanium
electronegativity: 2.01
oxidation state: 4
different from: Geranium
Commons gallery: Germanium
chemical formula: Ge
canonical SMILES: [Ge]
discoverer or inventor: Clemens Winkler
location of discovery: Germany
standard molar entropy: 31.1
electrical conductivity: 2.17
time of discovery or invention: 1886-00-00
Unicode character: 鍺
found in taxon: Panax ginseng
ionic radius: 0.53
on focus list of Wikimedia project: Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4

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