File:Graphite-233436.jpg · Wikimedia Commons · See Wikimedia Commons
grafit
Sign in to saveAlso known as graphite-2H, graphite-3R, black lead, mineral carbon, plumbago, silver graphite, Silver graphite
thumbGraphite () is a crystalline allotrope (form) of the element carbon. It consists of many stacked layers of graphene, typically in excess of hundreds of layers. Graphite occurs naturally and is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Synthetic and natural graphite are consumed on a large scale (1.3million metric tons per year in 2022) for uses in many critical industries including refractories (50%), lithium-ion batteries (18%), foundries (10%), and lubricants (5%), among others (17%). Graphite converts to diamond under extremely high pressure and temperature. Graphite's
Graphite is a naturally occurring crystalline form of carbon made up of many stacked layers of graphene, and it is the most stable form of carbon under normal conditions. It is widely used across many industries—particularly in refractories, lithium-ion batteries, foundries, and lubricants—with over 1.3 million metric tons consumed annually worldwide.
AI-generated from the Wikipedia summary — may contain errors.
Key facts
- Mineral.name
- Graphite
- Mineral.category
- Native mineral
- Mineral.image
- Graphite-233436.jpg
- Mineral.imagesize
- 170px
- Mineral.caption
- Graphite specimen
- Mineral.formula
- C
- Mineral.IMAsymbol
- Gr
- Mineral.strunz
- 1.CB.05a
- Mineral.system
- Hexagonal or Rhombohedral
- Mineral.class
- Dihexagonal dipyramidal (6/mmm) Hermann–Mauguin notation: (6/m 2/m 2/m)
- Mineral.symmetry
- P63mc (buckled) P63/mmc (flat)
- Mineral.unit cell
- a = 2.461, c = 6.708 [Å]; Z = 4
- Mineral.color
- Iron-black to steel-gray; deep blue in transmitted light
- Mineral.habit
- Tabular, six-sided foliated masses, granular to compacted masses
- Mineral.twinning
- Present
- Mineral.cleavage
- Basal – perfect on {0001}
- Mineral.fracture
- Flaky, otherwise rough when not on cleavage
- Mineral.tenacity
- Flexible non-elastic, sectile
via Wikipedia infobox
Research
53,963 papers- Graphite Carbon Nitride and Its Composites for Medicine and Health Applications.ReviewChemistry, an Asian journal · 2021Zhang JR, Kan YS, Gu LL et al.DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100499
- Molecular patterns of oligopeptide hydrocarbons on graphite.Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces · 2021Barinov NA, Tolstova AP, Bersenev EA et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111921
- Valorization of Industrial Waste Graphite Fines into Graphene Oxide-Based Nanohybrids.ChemPlusChem · 2025Subrati M, Lyra KM, Spyrou K et al.DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202400692
- Studying disorder in graphite-based systems by Raman spectroscopy.ReviewPhysical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP · 2007Pimenta MA, Dresselhaus G, Dresselhaus MS et al.DOI: 10.1039/b613962k
- Recent Advances in Preparation, Structure, Properties and Applications of Graphite Oxide.ReviewJournal of nanoscience and nanotechnology · 2015Srivastava SK, Pionteck JDOI: 10.1166/jnn.2015.10047
- Life cycle assessment of synthetic graphite: inventories and impact assessment.Environmental science and pollution research international · 2025Mayanti BDOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-37288-1
- Voronoi-Tessellated Graphite Produced by Low-Temperature Catalytic Graphitization from Renewable Resources.ChemSusChem · 2017Zhao L, Zhao X, Burke LT et al.DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201701211
- Sustainable conversion of biomass to rationally designed lithium-ion battery graphite.Scientific reports · 2022Banek NA, McKenzie KR Jr, Abele DT et al.DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11853-x
via PubMed
Wikidata facts
Show 21 more facts
- Commons category
- Graphite
- topic's main category
- Category:Graphite
- NIOSH Pocket Guide ID
- 0306
- crystal system
- hexagonal crystal system
- Nickel-Strunz 9th edition (updated 2009)
- 1.CB.05a
- chemical formula
- C
- Nickel-Strunz '10th ed', review of (9th ed/ 2009 update)
- 1.CB.05a
- Commons gallery
- Graphite
- immediately dangerous to life or health
- 1250
- sublimation temperature
- 6602
- vapor pressure
- 0
- time-weighted average exposure limit
- 2.5
- streak color
- black
- Mohs' hardness
- 1.5
- density
- 2.160
- standard molar entropy
- 55.74
- combustion enthalpy
- 393.5
- IMA Mineral Symbol
- Gr
- on focus list of Wikimedia project
- Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/4
- Strunz 8th edition (series ID, updated)
- I/B.02a
- 2022 Harmonized System Code
- 250410
Sources (8)
via Wikidata · CC0
Gallery (38)
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