insulin

Also known as human insulin

frame|right|Insulin is a peptide hormone containing two chains cross-linked by disulfide bridges.

AI overview

Insulin is a hormone your body makes that helps control blood sugar levels by allowing cells to absorb glucose for energy. It's essential for metabolism and keeping your body functioning properly, which is why people with diabetes who don't produce enough insulin need treatment to survive.

AI-generated from the Wikipedia summary — may contain errors.

Chemical data

Formula: C257H383N65O77S6
Molecular weight: 5808 g/mol
IUPAC name: (4S)-4-[[2-[[(1R,6R,12S,15S,18S,21S,24S,27S,30S,33S,36S,39S,42R,47R,50S,53S,56S,59S,62S,65S,68S,71S,74R,77S,80S,83S,88R)-88-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-6-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-5-amino-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-47-[[(1S)-3-amino-1-carboxy-3-oxopropyl]carbamoyl]-53-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-62-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-77-[(2S)-butan-2-yl]-24,56-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-83-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-12,71,80-tris(hydroxymethyl)-33,50,65-tris[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-15-(1H-imidazol-5-ylmethyl)-27-methyl-18,30,36,59,68-pentakis(2-methylpropyl)-7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31,34,37,40,49,52,55,58,61,64,67,70,73,76,79,82,85,87-hexacosaoxo-21,39-di(propan-2-yl)-3,4,44,45,90,91-hexathia-8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,48,51,54,57,60,63,66,69,72,75,78,81,84,86-hexacosazabicyclo[72.11.7]dononacontane-42-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(1S,2R)-1-carboxy-2-hydroxypropyl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-5-carbamimidamido-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
SMILES: CC[C@H](C)[C@H]1C(=O)N[C@H]2CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@@H](C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CSSC[C@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC(=O)[C@@H](NC2=O)CO)CC(C)C)CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)CCC(=O)N)CC(C)C)CCC(=O)O)CC(=O)N)CC4=CC=C(C=C4)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(=O)N)C(=O)O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CCC(=O)O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCNC(=N)N)C(=O)NCC(=O)N[C@@H](CC5=CC=CC=C5)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC6=CC=CC=C6)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC7=CC=C(C=C7)O)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)N8CCC[C@H]8C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCCN)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H](C)O)C(=O)O)C(C)C)CC(C)C)CC9=CC=C(C=C9)O)CC(C)C)C)CCC(=O)O)C(C)C)CC(C)C)CC2=CN=CN2)CO)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC2=CN=CN2)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H](CC2=CC=CC=C2)N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N1)CO)[C@@H](C)O)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)N)NC(=O)[C@H](CCC(=O)O)NC(=O)[C@H](C(C)C)NC(=O)[C@H]([C@@H](C)CC)NC(=O)CN
InChIKey: PBGKTOXHQIOBKM-FHFVDXKLSA-N
XLogP: -13.1
Polar surface area: 2450 Å²
H-bond donors: 78
H-bond acceptors: 89
Formal charge: 0

via PubChem

Research

518,472 papers

The cell biology of systemic insulin function.ReviewThe Journal of cell biology · 2018Tokarz VL, MacDonald PE, Klip ADOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802095
Insulin: The master regulator of glucose metabolism.ReviewMetabolism: clinical and experimental · 2022Norton L, Shannon C, Gastaldelli A et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2022.155142
The molecular mechanism of insulin action.ReviewAnnual review of medicine · 1985Kahn CRDOI: 10.1146/annurev.me.36.020185.002241
Understanding insulin and its receptor from their three-dimensional structures.ReviewMolecular metabolism · 2021Lawrence MCDOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101255
The discovery of insulin revisited: lessons for the modern era.ReviewThe Journal of clinical investigation · 2021Lewis GF, Brubaker PLDOI: 10.1172/JCI142239
Insulin as an immunomodulatory hormone.ReviewCytokine & growth factor reviews · 2020van Niekerk G, Christowitz C, Conradie D et al.DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.11.006
Current barriers to initiating insulin therapy in individuals with type 2 diabetes.ReviewFrontiers in endocrinology · 2024Galdón Sanz-Pastor A, Justel Enríquez A, Sánchez Bao A et al.DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1366368
Intranasal insulin's effects on the sense of smell.ReviewRhinology · 2023Sienkiewicz-Oleszkiewicz B, Oleszkiewicz A, Bock MA et al.DOI: 10.4193/Rhin23.036

via PubMed

Wikidata facts

Mass: 5805.644359
Image: Insulin.jpg

Show 5 more facts

exact match: identifiers.org/reactome:R-HSA-77385
chemical formula: C₂₅₇H₃₈₃N₆₅O₇₇S₆
Commons category: Insulin
Commons gallery: Insulin
NCI Thesaurus ID: C65922

Sources (6)

via Wikidata · CC0

~56 min read

Article

25 sections

Contents

Evolution and species distribution
Production
Synthesis
Structure
Function
Secretion
Oscillations
Blood insulin level
Signal transduction
Physiological effects
Degradation
Regulator of endocannabinoid metabolism
Hypoglycemia
Diseases and syndromes
Medical uses
History of study
Discovery
Extraction and purification
Patent
Structural analysis and synthesis
Nobel Prizes
Controversy
References
Further reading
External links

frame|right|Insulin is a peptide hormone containing two chains cross-linked by disulfide bridges.

Insulin (; ) is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the insulin (INS) gene. It is the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into cells of the liver, fat, and skeletal muscles. In these tissues the absorbed glucose is converted into either glycogen, via glycogenesis, or fats (triglycerides), via lipogenesis; in the liver, glucose is converted into both. Glucose production and secretion by the liver are strongly inhibited by high concentrations of insulin in the blood. Circulating insulin also affects the synthesis of proteins in a wide variety of tissues. It is thus an anabolic hormone, promoting the conversion of small molecules in the blood into large molecules in the cells. Low insulin in the blood has the opposite effect, promoting widespread catabolism, especially of reserve body fat.