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I cannot write an accurate overview based solely on "mathematical problem" as the context, as this label is too vague to provide the specific details needed for a plain-language explanation of the Seven Bridges of Königsberg. I would need context that describes what the problem actually involves.
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Map of Königsberg in Euler's time showing the actual layout of the seven bridges, highlighting the river Pregel and the bridges The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a historically notable problem in mathematics. Its negative resolution by Leonhard Euler, in 1736, laid the foundations of graph theory and foreshadowed the idea of topology.
The city of Königsberg in Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) was set on both sides of the Pregel River, and included two large islands—Kneiphof and Lomse—which were connected to each other, and to the two mainland portions of the city—Altstadt and Vorstadt—by seven bridges. The problem was to devise a walk through the city that would cross each of those bridges once and only once.