Independent scientists

Sir Isaac Newton was an English polymath who was a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, author and inventor. He was a key figure in the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment that followed. His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, first published in 1687, achieved the first great unification in physics and established classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics, and shares credit with the German mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz for formulating infinitesimal calculus, although he developed calculus years before Leibniz. Newton contributed to and refined the scientific method, and his work is considered the most influential in bringing forth modern science.

English naturalist and biologist (1809-1882)

president of the United States from 1801 to 1809 (1743–1826)

American polymath and statesman (1706–1790)

, known colloquially by his personal name was the 124th emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession, reigning from 1926 until his death in 1989. He remains the longest-reigning emperor in Japanese history and one of the longest-reigning monarchs in the world. As emperor during the Shōwa era, Hirohito presided over the rise of Japanese militarism, the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Asia-Pacific theater of World War II, and the nation's postwar economic miracle.

Prussian geographer, naturalist and explorer (1769-1859)

Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar (1822–1884)

J. Robert Oppenheimer was an American theoretical physicist who served as the director of the Manhattan Project's Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II. He is often called the "father of the atomic bomb" for his role in overseeing the development of the first nuclear weapons.

French nobleman and chemist (1743–1794)

French physicist and mathematician (1775–1836)

Italian physicist, chemist, and pioneer of electricity and power (1745-1827)

Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor

Danish physicist and chemist (1777-1851)

English polymath (1773-1829)

Timurid sultan, astronomer and mathematician (1394–1449)

British eugenist, polymath, and behavioural geneticist (1822–1911)

German mathematician who worked on number theory and algebra (1823–1891)

electrical engineer, mathematician and physicist (1850–1925)

British fossil collector and palaeontologist (1799–1847)

English scientist (1919–2022)

British inventor and photographer (1800–1877)

British-American scientist and businessman (born 1959)

British aeronautics engineer (1773-1857)

English botanist and botanical illustrator (1785-1865)

German researcher and applied physicist (1907-1997)

Scottish surgeon, hypnotist, and hypnotherapist (1795–1860)

British physicist

American theoretical physicist

American leader during the American Revolution (1726-1790)

British scientist

American mineralogist (1856-1932)

financially independent scientist who pursues scientific study without direct affiliation to a public institution

British agriculturalist (1725–1795)

American businessman, scientist and philanthropist (1887–1975)

American optician and inventor (1704-1749)

surgeon, chemist, lecturer, consultant, architect, builder, gentleman scientist, inventor (1793–1875)

American physicist (1928–2008)

British amateur scientist (1784–1855)

professor, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zuerich, Switzerland

American ornithologist (1915-2008)