runic script
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Key facts
- Writing system.name
- Runic
- Writing system.type
- Alphabet
- Writing system.languages
- Germanic languages
- Writing system.time
- Elder Futhark from the 2nd century AD
- Writing system.fam1
- Egyptian hieroglyphs
- Writing system.fam2
- Proto-Sinaitic
- Writing system.fam3
- Phoenician
- Writing system.fam4
- Greek alphabet
- Writing system.fam5
- Old Italic
- Writing system.children
- Elder FutharkYounger FutharkAnglo-Saxon futhorc
- Writing system.unicode
- U+16A0–U+16FF
- Writing system.iso15924
- Runr
Article
40 sectionsContents
- Name
- Etymology
- Related terms
- History and use
- Origins
- The Meldorf fibula and Tacitus's ''Germania''
- Early inscriptions
- Magical or divinatory use
- Medieval use
- Runes in Eddic poetry
- Futharks<span class="anchor" id="Futhark"></span>
- Elder Futhark (2nd to 8th centuries)
- Anglo-Saxon runes (5th to 11th centuries)
- "Marcomannic runes" (8th to 9th centuries)
- Younger Futhark (8th to 11th centuries)
- Runic alphabets{{anchor|Runic alphabets}}
- Medieval runes (12th to 15th centuries)
- Dalecarlian runes (16th to 19th centuries)
- Other Swedish post-Reformation runes
- Norwegian post-Reformation runes
- Differences from Roman script
- Ideographic runes
- Runology
- Body of inscriptions
- Modern use
- Esotericism
- Germanic mysticism
- Nazis and neo-Nazis
- Modern paganism and esotericism
- Bluetooth
- Fantasy literature
- Video, board and role-playing games
- Unicode
- See also
- Runology works
- Similar scripts to runes
- Footnotes
- References
- Sources
- External links
Runes are the letters in a set of related alphabets, known as runic rows, runic alphabets or futharks ( futhark vs runic alphabet), native to the Germanic peoples. Runes were primarily used to represent a sound value (a phoneme) but they were also used to represent the concepts after which they are named (ideographic runes). Runology is the academic study of the runic alphabets, runic inscriptions, runestones, and their history. Runology forms a specialised branch of Germanic philology.
The earliest secure runic inscriptions date from at latest AD 150, with a possible earlier inscription dating to AD 50 and Tacitus's possible description of rune use from around AD 98. The Hole Runestone dates from between BC 50 and AD 275. Runes were generally replaced by the Latin alphabet as the cultures that had used runes underwent Christianisation, by approximately AD 700 in central Europe and 1100 in northern Europe. However, the use of runes persisted for specialized purposes beyond this period. Up until the early 20th century, runes were still used in rural Sweden for decorative purposes in Dalarna and on runic calendars.