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spherical coordinate system
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A spherical coordinate system specifies any point in space using angles and its distance from a central point, rather than measuring horizontal and vertical distances like we do on a flat grid. This approach is especially useful for describing locations on spheres (like Earth or the night sky) and for solving problems involving circular motion or radiation spreading outward from a source.
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The physics convention. Spherical coordinates (r, θ, φ) as commonly used: (ISO 80000-2:2019): radial distance r (slant distance to origin), polar angle θ (theta) (angle with respect to positive polar axis), and azimuthal angle φ (phi) (angle of rotation from the initial meridian plane). This is the convention followed in this article.
In mathematics, a spherical coordinate system specifies a given point in three-dimensional space by using a distance and two angles as its three coordinates. These are